父母关系与子女行为异常

我们利用父母关系问卷、家庭背景问卷和行为症状量表对中国5个城市550个家庭、1493名被试者进行了调查与测试。结果表明,父亲职业、父亲文化水平、家庭的经济条件等社会经济地位因素影响父母关系：父母的社会经济地位高,父母关系好。父母婚姻状况影响父母关系：问题婚姻状态下的父母关系较差。父母关系对子女行为异常有显著影响：父母关系差,子女行为异常水平高。     

Reinforcement and punishment effects in concurrent schedules: A test of two models

The joint effects of punishment and reinforcement on the pigeon's key-peck response were examined in three choice experiments conducted to compare predictions of Farley and Fantino's (1978) subtractive model with those made by Deluty's (1976) and Deluty and Church's (1978) model of punishment. In Experiment 1, the addition of equal punishment schedules to both alternatives of a concurrent reinforcement schedule enhanced the preference exhibited for the more frequent reinforcement alternative. Experiment 2 demonstrated decreases in the absolute response rate for each member of a concurrent reinforcement schedule when increasing frequencies of punishment were added to each alternative. Experiment 3 found that preference for the denser of two reinforcement schedules diminished when the absolute frequencies of reinforcement were increased by a constant factor and conditions of punishment for both alternatives were held constant. Diminished preferences were obtained regardless of whether the frequency of punishment associated with the denser reinforcement schedule was greater or less than that associated with the lean reinforcement alternative. The results from all three experiments uniquely supported Farley and Fantino's (1978) subtractive model of punishment and reinforcement.     

On kristof's test for a linear relation between true scores of two measures

The hypothesis that two variables have a perfect disattenuated correlation and hence measure the same trait, except for errors of measurement, is discussed. Equivalently, the underlying variables, the true scores, are related linearly. We show that several previously proposed ad hoc tests are in fact likelihood ratio tests. The cases when the linear relation is specified and when it is unspecified are both discussed.This work was done while the author was at Purdue University Under Air Force Grant AFOSR-72-2350B.     

中介效应检验程序及其应用

讨论了中介变量以及相关概念、中介效应的估计；比较了检验中介效应的主要方法；提出了一个检验程序，它包含了依次检验和Sobel检验。该程序检验的第一类和第二类错误率之和通常比单一检验方法小，既可以做部分中介检验，也可以做完全中介检验。作为示范例子，引入中介变量研究学生行为对同伴关系的影响。     

Assessing empirical research in bioethics

Empirical research can aid ethical reflection in bioethics by identifying issues, by seeing how they are currently resolved, and by assessing the consequences of these current resolutions. This potential can be misused when the ethical issues in question are fundamentally non-consequentialist or when they are consequentialist but the empirical research fails to address the important consequences. An example of the former problem is some recent studies about bad consequences resulting from commercialized living kidney donor programs. These consequences could be avoided, but the crucial non-consequentialist ethical issues about exploitation and commercialization would still remain. Examples of the latter problem are provided by recent studies of the allocation of ICU beds and of physician deception, where important consequences were not adequately studied.     

SEARCH FOR BELIEFS TO LIVE BY CONSISTENT WITH SCIENCE

Abstract. Instead of separating religion and science into "mutually incompatible realms," the new macromental paradigm of behavioral science permits integration of the two within a single consistent worldview. A new form of causal determinism combines conventional "bottom-up" with emergent "top-down" causation. Traditional materialist tenets are overturned, along with the science-values dichotomy, clearing the way for a science-based value/belief system. Intrinsic ethicomoral directives emerge in which a revised sense of the sacred would help protect the evolving quality of the biosphere, and the rights and welfare of future generations. Subsequent versions of today's changing worldview raise questions of which interpretation to believe. An analysis of "New Age" thinking is called for, and a brief attempt at such analysis is included.     

从毕生发展的角度看个体分类倾向的两次转变——材料的生命性和可操作性的作用

研究从毕生发展的视角考察了个体分类倾向的发展轨迹,并探讨任务材料内容可能对其产生的影响。选取幼儿园、小学、中学、大学和中老年个体各30名作为研究对象,记录他们面对不同的分类材料(有/无生命、高/低可操作性)的分类倾向。结果表明个体的分类倾向经历了两次转变:(1)进入小学后主题分类倾向逐渐降低,并在2、3年级时最低;(2)进入中学之后,个体逐渐恢复对主题分类倾向的偏好,中学和大学的个体面对含有生命体或是可操作性高的材料会比面对非生命体或可操作性低的材料时,更倾向于使用主题分类的策略。这一结果表明,个体对不同材料内容的分类倾向的发展轨迹存在差异,研究结果有助于理解个体概念组织的形成和发展过程。     

情绪与认知关系研究发展概况

情绪与认知的关系长期存在着谁主谁从和谁为首因的争议,近期感情神经科学对两者的关系取得了突破性进展。通过从古希腊哲学思想入手分析和介绍中世纪、近现代各个历史时期学者们的不同观点,从而使我们了解情绪与认知从主-从关系、彼此独立的关系、相互作用的关系到互倚关系的艰难认识历程。     

Multilevel analysis of individual differences in regularities of grapheme–color associations in synesthesia

Grapheme–color synesthesia is a neurological phenomenon where visual perception of letters and numbers stimulates perception of a specific color. Grapheme–color correspondences have been shown to be systematically associated with grapheme properties, including visual shape difference, ordinality, and frequency. However, the contributions of grapheme factors differ across individuals. In this study, we applied multilevel analysis to test whether individual differences in regularities of grapheme–color associations could be explained by individual styles of processing grapheme properties. These processing styles are reflected by the type of synesthetic experience. Specifically, we hypothesized that processing focusing on shape differences would be associated with projector synesthetes, while processing focusing on ordinality or familiarity would be associated with associator synesthetes. The analysis revealed that ordinality and familiarity factors were expressed more strongly among associators than among projectors. This finding suggests that grapheme–color associations are partly determined by the type of synesthetic experience.