告知患者癌症诊断的利弊分析及有效告知的方法

告知患者癌症诊断是肿瘤科的核心问题。法律和医学伦理原则要求医务人员应掌握肿瘤患者的心理和其他方面的特殊性,及时、充分地与患者及家属进行沟通,严格履行肿瘤患者的知情同意原则。本文旨在对告知患者癌症诊断的利弊及有效告知癌症诊断的方法进行分析,以期为临床肿瘤医疗、护理工作提供指导。     

结直肠转移癌临床表现与治疗

为了探讨结直肠癌转移的临床特点,对我院于2000年1月-2007年12月收治的12例结肠转移癌患者的诊疗及预后进行了回顾性分析。结果显示,12例结肠转移癌患者,原发肿瘤分别来源于胃癌5例,肺癌3例,乳腺癌2例,胰腺癌1例,胆囊癌1例,提示结肠转移癌在临床上并不多见,提示患者已经出现广泛转移且预后不良。     

Distress and emotional well-being in breast cancer patients prior to radiotherapy: an expectancy-based model

Understanding precursors to distress and emotional well-being (EWB) experienced in anticipation of radiotherapy would facilitate the ability to intervene with this emotional upset (i.e. higher distress, lower EWB). Thus, this study tested an expectancy-based model for explaining emotional upset in breast cancer patients prior to radiotherapy. Women affected by breast cancer (N?=?106) were recruited and participants completed questionnaires prior to commencing radiotherapy. Structural equation modelling was used to test a cross-sectional model, which assessed the ability of dispositional optimism (Life Orientation Test-Revised – two factors), response expectancies (Visual Analog Scale items), medical (type of surgery, cancer stage and chemotherapy history) and demographic (age, race, ethnicity, education and marital status) variables to predict both EWB (Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy – Emotional Well-being Subscale) and distress (Profile of Mood States – short version). The model represented a good fit to the data accounting for 65% of the variance in EWB and 69% in distress. Significant predictors of emotional upset were pessimism, response expectancies, Latina ethnicity, cancer stage and having had a mastectomy. These variables explained a large portion of emotional upset experienced prior to radiotherapy for breast cancer and are important to consider when aiming to reduce distress and improve EWB in this context.     

PRL-3在宫颈鳞癌组织中的表达及临床意义

通过RT-PCR和Western blotting来检测45例宫颈鳞癌组织和20例正常宫颈组织中PRL-3的表达情况。RT-PCR和Western blotting结果均显示宫颈鳞癌组织中PRL-3的表达明显高于正常宫颈组织(P0.01),PRL-3的表达与宫颈鳞癌组织的分化程度及淋巴转移密切相关(P0.05),而与患者年龄、肿瘤直径无关(P0.05)。因此PRL-3可能参与了人类宫颈鳞癌的发生、发展,并与宫颈鳞癌的部分临床病理特征有关,将可能作为宫颈鳞癌靶向治疗的一个新的分子靶点。     

急性有机磷农药中毒救治中的几个问题

解决急性有机磷农药中毒病死率居高不下的问题,必须提高救治中的辩证思维.正确理解标本兼治的含义,外周性、中枢性抗胆碱药物和复能剂联合应用,合理维持阿托品化,积极应用机械通气进行必要的呼吸支持治疗和适时行血液灌流治疗是救治有机磷农药中毒的有效保证.     

Meta-analysis of psychosocial interventions on survival time in patients with cancer

Objective: This study was to evaluate the effects of psychosocial interventions on survival in adult patients with cancer.

Method: MEDLINE via PubMed, Cochrane Library CENTRAL, CINAHL, and Korean electronic databases (September 2014) were searched. Methodological quality was assessed using Cochrane’s Risk of Bias for randomized studies. The RevMan 5.3 program of the Cochrane library was used for data analysis.

Results: Fifteen randomized controlled trials met the inclusion criteria, with a total of 2940 participants. Overall, psychosocial interventions was not associated with better survival (HR = .83, 95% CI [.68, 1.10], p = .06, I² = 64%). In subgroup analysis, based on six trials with 1448 subjects, psychoeducational interventions for cancer patients with non-metastatic at intervention implementation resulted in a 41% reduction in the risk of dying of cancer (HR = .59, 95% CI [.49, .71], p < .001, I² = 0%). For psychoeducational intervention, significant survival benefit were found when health staff delivered the intervention and at a follow-up time of more than 10 years.

Conclusions: Use of psychoeducational interventions for cancer patients at early stage appeared to have beneficial effects on survival, preferably for delivering of health staff. However, conduct of further psychosocial studies with adequate power will lead to better understanding of the effects of treatments on survival outcome.     

经直肠超声在直肠癌诊疗中的应用进展

经直肠超声以其准确、价廉、无创、无辐射等优点被广泛推荐用于直肠癌术前分期和术后随访中。术前传统经直肠超声T分期准确度可达84％,术后使用经直肠超声介导活检可显著提高准确性并具有诊断早期无症状复发的独特优势。未来的研究将重．最关注直肠癌多模式术前评估,以及新型超声技术的实际应用。     

直肠癌术式的选择

针对直肠癌术式选择存在的问题和争议进行思考,探讨保肛手术的原则,淋巴结的合理清扫,分析保留盆腔植物神经和侧方淋巴结的清扫的意义,指出应辨证看待腹腔镜直肠癌根治术。直肠癌手术的发展史,就是人们追求根治与保存机能相互对立统一的发展过程,对于每一例直肠癌病人,都潜在一个恰如其份的手术根治的方案,这正是术式选择的最高境界。     

紫杉醇、顺铂在中晚期宫颈癌同步放化疗中的临床疗效比较

探讨61例中晚期宫颈癌患者分别行紫杉醇、顺铂同步放化疗的疗效和不良反应。两组近期有效率,1年、2年、3年总生存率,无瘤生存率差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。紫杉醇同步放化疗组主要表现为白细胞计数下降、神经毒性和心脏毒性;顺铂同步放化疗组主要表现为消化道反应和肝肾功能受损;两组的消化道反应、神经毒性、肝肾功能受损发生率差异有统计学意义（P＜0．05）,紫杉醇组骨髓抑制、心脏毒性发生率均高于顺铂组,但差异无统计学意义（P ＞0．05）。顺铂组肝功能受损发生率稍高于紫杉醇组,但差异无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。同步放化疗中使用紫杉醇治疗中晚期宫颈癌疗效与顺铂相当,不良反应可耐受。     

国外癌症患者疾病获益感的研究现状及启示

虽然癌症及其治疗会给患者带来一些消极的心理后遗症,但是许多患者也从他们的患病经历中发现了对他们有益的变化。积极心理学家将此益处相关的认知命名为疾病获益感,即特定疾病经历中感知到益处。研究发现这种认知有助于患者的疾病适应,使患者积极乐观地面对生活。目前,癌症患者的疾病获益感已受到广泛关注,并应用于相关研究。本文通过综述国外研究中疾病获益感的内涵,测量工具及干预模式,以探讨其对国内癌症患者心理护理的启示。