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221.
Irene?M.?Thio Timothy?R.?ElliottEmail author 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2005,12(4):293-299
We examined the potentially mediating effects of negative affectivity (NA) on the hope–depression relationship among a sample
of postpartum women. We also assessed the social support reported by these women and examined the possible mediating effects
of NA on the social support–postpartum depression relationship. Correlational analyses of data obtained from women (N = 98) who had given birth in the previous 6 months revealed that NA did not mediate either hope or social support in the
prediction of postpartum depression. Hope accounted for a significant degree of variance in postpartum depression. These data
suggest that hope has palliative effects among women following childbirth and these effects are not nullified or explained
by emotional predispositions. 相似文献
222.
The Role of Temperament in the Etiology of Child Psychopathology 总被引:16,自引:0,他引:16
A substantial proportion of children and adolescents come to suffer from psychological disorders. This article focuses on
the temperament factors that are involved in the pathogenesis of child psychopathology. It is argued that besides the reactive
temperament factor of emotionality/neuroticism, the regulative process of effortful control also plays an important role in
the etiology and maintenance of internalizing and externalizing problems in youths. More specifically, vulnerability to child
psychopathology is determined by a temperament that is characterized by high levels of emotionality/neuroticism and low levels
of effortful control. Models are hypothesized in which reactive and regulative temperament factors either have interactive
or additive effects on the development of psychological disorders in children, and conceptualized in terms of a developmental
psychopathology perspective. Directions for future research and clinical implications of this temperamental view on psychopathology
are discussed. 相似文献
223.
In World Poverty and Human Rights, Thomas Pogge argues that the global rich have a duty to eradicate severe poverty in the world. The novelty of Pogges approach is to present this demand as stemming from basic commands which are negative rather than positive in nature: the global rich have an obligation to eradicate the radical poverty of the global poor not because of a norm of beneficence asking them to help those in need when they can at little cost to themselves, but because of their having violated a principle of justice not to unduly harm others by imposing on them a coercive global order that makes their access to the objects of their human right to subsistence insecure. In this paper, I claim that although Pogge is right in arguing that negative duties are crucial in an account of global justice, he is wrong in saying that they are the only ones that are crucial. Harming the global poor by causing their poverty provides a sufficient but not a necessary condition for the global rich to have a duty of justice to assist them. After engaging in a critical analysis of Pogges argument, I conclude by suggesting the need for a robust conception of cosmopolitan solidarity that includes positive duties of assistance which are not mere duties of charity, but enforceable ones of justice. 相似文献
224.
Dill EJ Vernberg EM Fonagy P Twemlow SW Gamm BK 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2004,32(2):159-173
This study evaluated the validity of mediating pathways in predicting self-assessed negative affect from shyness/social withdrawal, peer rejection, victimization by peers (overt and relational), and the attitude that aggression is legitimate and warranted. Participants were 296 3rd through 5th graders (156 girls, 140 boys) from 10 elementary schools. Self-report measures of victimization, attitudes, and negative affect, and a teacher-report measure of shyness/social withdrawal and peer rejection were completed during the spring semesters of 2 consecutive years. Hierarchical regression analyses supported the mediational model in predicting negative affect at Time 2. However, an increase in negative affect over the 12-month study period was best accounted for by direct effects of increased victimization and changes in attitudes/attributions regarding aggression. Implications for the planning of school interventions designed to interrupt these victimization-maladjustment pathways are discussed. 相似文献
225.
Avila C Cuenca I Félix V Parcet MA Miranda A 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2004,32(3):295-304
Seven different laboratory measures of impulsivity were administered to a group of 165 school-aged boys. Parents' and teachers' ratings of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder and Oppositional/Defiant Disorder were also obtained. Factor analyses of impulsivity measures revealed the existence of a strong Inhibitory Control Factor including measures derived from Stop Task, the Continuous Performance Test, the Matching Familiar Figures Test, and the Circle Tracing Task. Other forms of impulsivity like resistance to interference, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and efficiency in the DRL Task loaded on a second independent factor. The Inhibitory Control factor was correlated with ADHD ratings, whereas the second factor was slightly related to the presence of ODD symptoms. Discussion is focused on the relevance of inhibitory control in impulsivity and ADHD research. 相似文献
226.
McIntyre A 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》2004,25(1):61-74
The U.S. Supreme Court's majorityopinion in Vacco v. Quill assumes thatthe principle of double effect explains thepermissibility of hastening death in thecontext of ordinary palliative care and inextraordinary cases in which painkilling drugshave failed to relieve especially intractablesuffering and terminal sedation has beenadopted as a last resort. The traditionaldoctrine of double effect, understood asproviding a prohibition on instrumental harmingas opposed to incidental harming or harming asa side effect, must be distinguished from otherways in which the claim that a result is notintended might be offered as part of ajustification for it. Although double effectmight appropriately be invoked as a constrainton ordinary palliative care, it is not clearthat it can be coherently extended to justifysuch practices as terminal sedation. A betterapproach would reconsider double effect'straditional prohibition on hastening death as ameans to relieve suffering in the context ofacute palliative care. 相似文献
227.
Marshall MF 《Science and engineering ethics》2004,10(1):37-42
This paper gives an overview of the placebo effect in popular culture, especially as it pertains to the work of authors Patrick
O’Brian and Sinclair Lewis. The beloved physician as placebo, and the clinician scientist as villain are themes that respectively
inform the novels, The Hundred Days and Arrowsmith. Excerpts from the novels, and from film show how the placebo effect, and the randomized clinical trial, have emerged into
popular culture, and evolved over time.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at an international conference, “Placebo: Its Action and Place in Health Research
Today,” held in Warsaw, Poland on 12–13 April, 2003. 相似文献
228.
Szawarski Z 《Science and engineering ethics》2004,10(1):57-64
This paper attempts to define the concept of placebo as it is used in the clinical context The author claims that X is a placebo
if and only if X has such a property dp, that whenever in a therapeutic situation T a stimulus S appears, then in attending conditions A, it will cause a beneficial
reaction R in the patient. Formally, the same structure may be used to define any pharmacologically active drug. The main
difference between the drug and a placebo is in the range of possible substitutions for X and the property d. For the active
drug there is only one possible substitution for X and property d and it can be scientifically explained why, and how the
drug works. In the case of a placebo a set of possible substitutions for X and d is open, and so far it is impossible to offer
any scientifically valid explanation of the action mechanism of placebo. 相似文献
229.
Singer EA 《Science and engineering ethics》2004,10(1):51-56
The use of placebo in clinical trials has been repeatedly challenged as being unacceptable from an ethical point of view.
The present paper responds to this criticism by taking up the issue in the light of the pertinent provisions of the Helsinki
Declaration. Examples from different therapeutic areas are given that highlight the importance of placebo in situations in
which its use is acceptable according to the Declaration. Particular emphasis is given to the question of active control trials,
which, under conditions of low assay sensitivity, may become an ethically less acceptable approach than the use of a placebo
control.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at an international conference, “Placebo: Its Action and Place in Health Research
Today,” held in Warsaw, Poland on 12–13 April, 2003. 相似文献
230.
The present study investigated the relative extent to which patients' adjustment to chronic low back pain (CLBP) was influenced by their fear-avoidance beliefs, their tendency to catastrophize, and their appraisals of control. Eighty-three CLBP patients completed a series of self-report measures before participating in a physical therapist-led intervention. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that patients' perceptions of their ability to decrease pain explained a small, but statistically significant, proportion of the variance in pain intensity. In addition, patients' levels of catastrophizing, as well as their fear-avoidance beliefs about both work and physical activity, were independently associated with levels of disability. Interestingly, however, when exploring the relative predictive utility of these three psychological factors, it became evident that fear-avoidance beliefs about physical activity (FABs-PA) were the only significant predictor of patients' disability. Specifically, those patients who exhibited higher levels of FABs-PA tended to report greater levels of disability, even after adjusting for age, sex and pain intensity. 相似文献