心理健康素质测评系统·中国成年人人际健康素质全国采样调查报告

采用《心理健康素质测评系统·中国成年人人际健康素质量表》对全国六大行政区域28个省(自治区、直辖市)的6386名成年人进行了调查。结果表明:(1)我国成年人人际健康素质整体发展状态良好;(2)成年人人际健康素质存在显著的性别、年龄段、城乡来源和受教育程度差异;(3)成年人人际健康素质各维度的发展趋势与整体趋势基本相似,同时又呈现出不同的变化特征。     

12种少数民族大学生成就动机与成功恐惧的研究

运用成就动机问卷和投射测验研究了12种447名少数民族大学生的成就动机与成功恐惧。结果表明:少数民族男大学生的成就动机和追求成功的动机强于女生,避免失败的动机弱于女生。其成功恐惧主要与人际关系、家庭、学业和事业有关。性别未对其成功恐惧产生显著影响。其避免失败的动机与成功恐惧呈显著负相关。     

当代大学生非理性学习心理实证分析

本文在大量学生学习心理调查资料的基础上,发现当代大学生中普遍存在着“非理性学习心理”状态,通过对典型心理资料的实证分析,探讨造成他们“非理性学习心理”的各种因素,对改变目前学生不良的学习心理状态具有一定的现实意义。     

Graduate attributes of the 4‐year Australian undergraduate psychology program

This paper outlines the background, process and outcomes for a project that delineated a set of graduate attributes of the 4‐year Australian undergraduate psychology program. The nature of the current undergraduate psychology program and its quality assurance system is described, followed by a consideration of current issues in psychology education and training. The processes involved in delineating the six graduate attributes (i.e., knowledge and understanding, research methods, critical thinking, values, communication, and application) are then described. Some issues and suggestions related to their implementation are then outlined. Finally, the authors summarise what has been accomplished in delineating the graduate attributes, and what still needs to be achieved.     

Changing “us” and hostility towards “them”—Implicit theories of national identity determine prejudice and participation rates in an anti-immigrant petition

National identity definitions determine who belongs to the national ingroup (e.g., “us Germans”) versus the “foreign” outgroup prone to hostile outgroup bias. We conducted five studies in two countries investigating if viewing the ingroup's national identity as fixed exacerbates the perceived divide between ingroup and outgroup and thus increases anti-immigrant hostility, while a malleable view blurs the divide and reduces anti-immigrant hostility. In a Prestudy (58 participants), an Implicit Theory of National Identity Scale was developed. In Studies 1 (154 participants) and 2 (390 participants), our scale predicted individuals’ prejudice and participation rates in a hypothetical referendum and a real petition against immigrants. In Studies 3 (225 participants) and 4 (225 participants), experimental evidence was obtained. Leading participants to believe that the definition of “a true compatriot” changes over time (rather than remaining the same) resulted in lower levels of prejudice and participation rates in an anti-immigrant petition.     

The impact of national integration policies on prejudice and psychological well-being: The fundamental role of the clarity and coherence of integration policies

Recent advances in social psychological research have shown that national integration policies influence how immigrants are perceived and treated by the mainstream population. However, the processes by which these policies come to have an impact on prejudice and well-being of the general population are largely unknown. Moreover, past research has often relied on unrepresentative samples limiting generalizability. The present research proposes that when the national integration policies of a given society are perceived as clearly defined and coherent, they have a direct impact on the perceived cultural norm related to those national integration policies. In turn, the perceived cultural norm affects personal attitudes toward cultural norms (i.e., the degree to which individuals support a given policy), which influence the level of anti-immigrant prejudice as well as psychological well-being. Findings from two correlational studies with representative samples of the mainstream population conducted in France on the policy of secularism (N = 940) and in Québec on the policy of interculturalism (N = 912) supported the proposed theoretical model.     

The massacre mentality and school rampage shootings in the United States: Separating culture from psychopathology

School rampage shootings in the United States are becoming a common occurrence. The purpose of this article is place school rampage shooting in a broader cultural context. Specifically, in this article, I introduce the concept of the “massacre mentality” as a cultural manifestation of western and southern U.S. values. The massacre mentality is a state of mind in which the individual feels justified in committing indiscriminate killings in defence of honour, protection of property, assurance of absolute personal safety, or the elimination of challenges to the “natural order” from the perspective of the offender. A review of the social psychological literature will contrast the massacre mentality with related concepts of “culture of honour” and “sanctioned massacre.” The relationship between street violence, another major form of violence, and the massacre mentality is also addressed. A cultural analysis suggests that interactions between individual psychology in the form of U.S. regional values and sociocultural context of schools contribute to school rampage shootings more often than mental illness. The prevention of school rampage shootings will require the identification of students predisposed to adopt the values contributing to the massacre mentality and challenging social hierarchies by restructuring the context of schools, as well as changing cultural norms in the broader society. The ultimate goal is to create a U.S. culture where the massacre mentality is obsolete.     

What is aggressive? some contextual factors in judging international behavior

This research delineates several factors that may affect how likely observers are to judge some international actions as aggressive. Subjects rated scenarios in which a country intercedes in the affairs of another country experiencing internal or external difficulties. Judged to be more aggressive, as hypothesized, were actions in which it was “they” rather than “we” who were responsible, actions capable of causing injury or death, and actions carried out for a country's own self-interest. There were also unpredicted subtleties of judging international behavior. The results are considered from the perspective of recent contextualist theorizing.     

尿毒症的无效治疗与经济伦理学问题

现代医学治疗的有效与无效的急论越来越引起社会关注。关于尿毒症无效治疗的医患关系、资源分配及道德价值的讨论是有积极意义的;结合具体病案,建立尿毒症无效治疗的评价标准,其对临床实践具有指导价值。无效治疗、前死状态以及血液透析疗法均有经济伦理学争论。