二语具身认知：自动激活还是母语中介?

语言具身认知强调语言加工不是纯粹抽象符号的内部表征, 身体和环境也在其中发挥着重要作用。已有研究多来自母语(L1)领域, 二语(L2)认知中是否存在该效应及其发生机制依然存在争论。在总结行为和神经电生理学方面L2具身效应的存在的证据的基础上, 结合相关研究, 我们提出“自动激活”和“母语中介”两种假说, 并分析和评价两种假说的优缺点和影响因素。最后讨论了该领域存在的问题并就未来研究取向进行展望, 希望有助于完善语言具身认知理论, 增进对双语表征机制的了解, 有效提升L2教学。     

Can false memories prime alternative solutions to ambiguous problems?

Research has demonstrated that false memories are capable of priming and facilitating insight-based problem-solving tasks by increasing solution rates and decreasing solution times. The present research extended this finding by investigating whether false memories could be used to bias ambiguous insight-based problem-solving tasks in a similar manner. Compound remote associate task (CRAT) problems with two possible correct answers, a dominant and a non-dominant solution, were created and normed (Experiment 1). In Experiment 2, participants were asked to solve these CRAT problems after they were given Deese/Roediger-McDermott lists whose critical lures were also the non-dominant solution to half of the corresponding CRATs. As predicted, when false memories served as primes, solution rates were higher and solution times were faster for non-dominant than dominant CRAT solutions. This biasing effect was only found when participants falsely recalled the critical lure, and was not found when participants did not falsely recall the critical lure, or when they were not primed. Results are discussed with regard to spreading activation models of solution competition in problem-solving tasks and current theories of false memory priming effects.     

The ironic effect of guessing: increased false memory for mediated lists in younger and older adults

Younger and older adults studied lists of words directly (e.g., creek, water) or indirectly (e.g., beaver, faucet) related to a nonpresented critical lure (CL; e.g., river). Indirect (i.e., mediated) lists presented items that were only related to CLs through nonpresented mediators (i.e., directly related items). Following study, participants completed a condition-specific task, math, a recall test with or without a warning about the CL, or tried to guess the CL. On a final recognition test, warnings (vs. math and recall without warning) decreased false recognition for direct lists, and guessing increased mediated false recognition (an ironic effect of guessing) in both age groups. The observed age-invariance of the ironic effect of guessing suggests that processes involved in mediated false memory are preserved in aging and confirms the effect is largely due to activation in semantic networks during encoding and to the strengthening of these networks during the interpolated tasks.     

Arm position influences the activation patterns of trunk muscles during trunk range-of-motion movements

To understand the activation patterns of the trunk musculature, it is also important to consider the implications of adjacent structures such as the upper limbs, and the muscles that act to move the arms. This study investigated the effects of arm positions on the activation patterns and co-activation of the trunk musculature and muscles that move the arm during trunk range-of-motion movements (maximum trunk axial twist, flexion, and lateral bend). Fifteen males and fifteen females, asymptomatic for low back pain, performed maximum trunk range-of-motion movements, with three arm positions for axial twist (loose, crossed, abducted) and two positions for flexion and lateral bend (loose, crossed). Electromyographical data were collected for eight muscles bilaterally, and activation signals were cross-correlated between trunk muscles and the muscles that move the arms (upper trapezius, latissimus dorsi). Results revealed consistently greater muscle co-activation (higher cross-correlation coefficients) between the trunk muscles and upper trapezius for the abducted arm position during maximum trunk axial twist, while results for the latissimus dorsi-trunk pairings were more dependent on the specific trunk muscles (either abdominal or back) and latissimus dorsi muscle (either right or left side), as well as the range-of-motion movement. The findings of this study contribute to the understanding of interactions between the upper limbs and trunk, and highlight the influence of arm positions on the trunk musculature. In addition, the comparison of the present results to those of individuals with back or shoulder conditions may ultimately aid in elucidating underlying mechanisms or contributing factors to those conditions.     

The influence of second language proficiency on bilingual parallel language activation in Hindi–English bilinguals

We investigated the spontaneous activation of phonologically related words in high and low proficient Hindi–English bilinguals during spoken word processing in an eye-tracking study. Participants listened to spoken words in L1/L2 and looked at a display (consisting of line drawings of phonological cohort of the translation equivalent of the spoken word and unrelated distractors). Both the groups were quick in orienting their attention towards the competitor with the onset of the spoken word. Furthermore, high proficient bilinguals showed higher and earlier activation of the competitor compared to low proficient bilinguals. Cross-language activations were higher in the L2–L1 direction for both the groups. The results strongly suggest language non-selective access of translation in Hindi–English bilinguals in both language directions. We discuss the results with regard to the predictions of the bilingual language processing models and the effect of language proficiency on conceptual access during listening in bilinguals.     

两类线索相容性的比较研究

研究运用前置线索的实验模式,采用对颜色刺激进行不一致颜色命名的实验任务,考察了线索与刺激和反应的维度重合关系、线索的呈现时距和线索的有效慨率对命名时间的影响。研究表明：在无刺激一反应相容性的情况下,当线索一刺激和线索一反应这两类线索相容性同时存在却相互竞争时,线索一刺激的相容性强于线索一反应的相容性,只显示出线索一刺激的相容性效应。同时,实验结果证明了线索一刺激相容性效应仍然遵循适时性的特征,受到线索呈现时距的影响,并随线索客观有效慨率的增加而增强。     

脑激活水平和主观体验强度的定量关系

综合现有各种实验资料,推导对于同一个物理刺激,人的脑区激活水平和人的主观体验强度之间的定量关系,得到联系有关参量的一个数学公式.     

Priming effects on musical chord identification: Facilitation or disruption?

The present study examined whether priming effects on chord identification are facilitative or disruptive, by employing a control (no‐prime) condition in addition to a related‐prime condition and an unrelated‐prime condition. According to the activation hypothesis, which predicts a facilitative effect of musically related chords, responses are expected to be faster in the related‐prime condition than in the control condition. In contrast, according to the schema hypothesis, which supposes a disruptive effect of musically unrelated chords, responses are expected to be slower in the unrelated‐prime condition than in the control condition. No facilitative effect was found in the related‐prime condition, whereas a marked disruptive effect was found in the unrelated‐prime condition. The disruptive effect was more pronounced in the major‐chord condition than in the minor‐chord condition, and more salient at an interonset interval of 1 s than at 3 s or 7 s. These results are interpreted in terms of the schema hypothesis.     

Projection of the Magnocellular Red Nucleus to the Region of the Accessory Abducens Nucleus in the Rabbit

The projection of the magnocellular red nucleus (RNm) to the region of the accessory abducens nucleus (AABD) was traced in rabbit using the bidirectional tracer wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP). In one set of animals, recordings of antidromic responses from RNm neurons elicited by electrical stimulation of the rubrospinal tract were used to localize injections of WGA-HRP for orthograde labeling of RNm terminals. In a different set of animals, horseradish peroxidase was injected into the retractor bulbi muscle to retrogradely label motoneurons of the AABD. The positions of RNm fibers and terminals were examined and compared to the locations and distribution of AABD cell bodies and labeled dendrites. Analyses revealed that along the entire rostrocaudal extent of the AABD, RNm efferents terminate primarily lateral to, or in the lateral aspects of, labeled motoneurons. For the rostral AABD, RNm efferents terminate only lateral to the nucleus. Although the terminals are not positioned to contact cell bodies of the AABD, they could overlap with dendrites that extend in the lateral direction. RNm efferents terminate more extensively within the posterior AABD, overlapping within both dendritic and cell body regions of the nucleus. Even in this posterior region, however, RNm efferents were distributed primarily over the lateral half of the nucleus. These data show that RNm can monosynaptically influence the AABD, through primarily its lateral and posterior aspects. Our findings also show that a major target of RNm efferents is the reticular cell population located lateral to the AABD, suggesting that the RNm also may affect AABD motoneuronal output indirectly through its projection to reticular cells.     

The Effect of Phonological Structure on Visual Word Access in Bilinguals

Two experiments examined if visual word access varies cross-linguistically by studying Spanish/English adult bilinguals, priming two syllable CVCV words both within (Experiment 1) and across (Experiment 2) syllable boundaries in the two languages. Spanish readers accessed more first syllables based on within syllable primes compared to English readers. In contrast, syllable-based primes helped English readers recognize more words than in Spanish, suggesting that experienced English readers activate a larger unit in the initial stages of word recognition. Primes spanning the syllable boundary affected readers of both languages in similar ways. In this priming context, primes that did not span the syllable boundary helped Spanish readers recognize more syllables, while English readers identified more words, further confirming the importance of the syllable in Spanish and suggesting a larger unit in English. Overall, the experiments provide evidence that readers use different units in accessing words in the two languages.