Personal Growth Initiative and Mental Health: A Meta-Analysis

Personal growth initiative (PGI) is an individual's active and intentional desire to grow in personally important areas. In the past 20 years, a body of literature has emerged examining PGI's relationship to mental health. We conducted the first meta-analyses to synthesize this literature. Two meta-analyses examined the relationship between PGI total scores and distress (k = 22) and wellness (k = 37). Both average effect sizes were significant. We also examined the potential impact of nine moderators. The type of outcome assessed was a significant moderator for PGI and distress, and the PGI measure used was a significant moderator for PGI and wellness, accounting for 61% and 15% of the overall variance, respectively. Meta-analyses examining the relationship between the four PGI subscales (Readiness for Change, Planfulness, Using Resources, and Intentional Behavior) and distress (k = 4) and wellness (k = 7) yielded similar results to the total score analyses.     

PDGF-BB、Podoplanin在非小细胞肺癌中的表达与淋巴管生成的关系

为探讨NSCLC中PDGF-BB、Podoplanin的表达与淋巴管生成的关系,用免疫组化法,检测80例NSCLC和20例癌旁正常肺组织中PDGF-BB、Podoplanin的表达;计数LMVD,结合临床病理资料统计分析。结果PDGF-BB、Podo-planin在NSCLC中存在高表达（P〈0.05）;阳性表达组LM...     

计算精神病学：抑郁症研究和临床应用的新视角

抑郁症是一种复杂而异质的精神疾病, 给全球带来沉重的疾病负担。尽管基于症状学的诊断方法已被广泛应用于各领域, 但这种方法并不利于病理机制的探讨。另外, 该诊断方法预测效度较低, 导致其难以准确评估和比较各种治疗方案的疗效。计算精神病学方法则能通过理论驱动和数据驱动两种互补的方法解决上述问题, 从而提高对抑郁症的认识、预防和治疗。理论驱动方法基于经验知识或假设, 利用计算建模方法对数据进行多水平分析; 数据驱动方法则基于机器学习算法分析高维数据, 提高抑郁症诊断和预测的准确性, 进而提高治疗的精准度。理论驱动和数据驱动方法的发展与结合, 以及人才和资源的整合, 将会更有效地推进抑郁症的防治。     

The status of hoarding as a symptom of obsessive-compulsive disorder

Hoarding is considered by many to be a symptom of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Yet although it is observed in people with OCD, hoarding symptoms also appear in a number of other psychological and psychiatric conditions. The present studies were conducted using samples of OCD patients, patients with other anxiety disorders, and a non-clinical sample to further elucidate the relationship between hoarding and OCD. Across two investigations, we found that (a) whereas OCD patients had higher scores than the other groups on non-hoarding symptoms, this was not the case for hoarding symptoms; (b) hoarding tended to correlate more weakly with other OCD symptoms (e.g., washing, checking) than these other symptoms intercorrelated; (c) items measuring hoarding had the weakest factor loadings when a measure of OCD symptoms was submitted to factor analysis; (d) hoarding symptoms were not correlated with global OCD or anxiety severity, whereas other OCD symptoms were; and (e) hoarding did not show consistent relationships with OCD-related cognitive variables. These results do not support a specific relationship between hoarding and OCD; and they call into question hoarding's status as a specific symptom of OCD. Results are also discussed in terms of the importance of functional assessment of hoarding and OCD symptoms.     

Transitive and pseudo-transitive inferences

Given that A is longer than B, and that B is longer than C, even 5-year-old children can infer that A is longer than C. Theories of reasoning based on formal rules of inference invoke simple axioms ("meaning postulates") to capture such transitive inferences. An alternative theory proposes instead that reasoners construct mental models of the situation described by the premises in order to draw such inferences. An unexpected consequence of the model theory is that if adult reasoners construct simple models of typical situations, then they should infer transitive relations where, in certain cases, none exists. We report four studies corroborating the occurrence of these "pseudo-transitive" fallacies. Experiment 1 established that individuals' diagrams of certain non-transitive relations yield transitive conclusions. Experiment 2 showed that these premises also give rise to fallacious transitive inferences. Experiment 3 established that when the context suggested alternatives to the simple models, the participants made fewer errors. Experiment 4 showed that tense is an important aspect of meaning which affects whether individuals draw transitive conclusions. We discuss the implications of these results for various theories of reasoning.