多元整合元分析法评介

在传统元分析中, 每个研究只能提取一个效果量, 以满足各效果量相互独立的条件。若出现单个研究多效果量的情况, 就需要采用多元元分析技术予以处理。多元元分析主要包括多元线性模型法和多元整合法, 其中, 多元整合法是应用最为广泛的一种方法, 可较为有效地解决多效果量非独立性问题, 还可借助传统元分析的固定效应模型和混合效应模型进行统计分析。但多元整合法在应用中还存在着统计软件的开发问题、同质性Q检验显著性的稳定问题、不同质混合效果量的同质性检验的可行性问题。     

优势分析方法及其应用

优势分析是近年来由Budescu等人新发展起来的一种确定多元回归方程中各预测变量相对重要性的方法。与传统方法相比,优势分析突出的特点是,全面比较了在由全模型所衍生出来的所有子模型情况下,各预测变量(X1,X…XP)在解释或预测标准变量у时,它们之间的相对重要性。本文从基本原理以及具体操作过程对这一新的统计分析方法进行了详细介绍。     

Much ado about nothing: The zero effect in life‐saving decisions

Zero is a special value in our daily lives, and previous research on how zero values affect decision making leaves many questions to be explored. The present research examined the zero effect in life‐saving decisions and found that people expressed strong preferences for options offering a possibility that no one will die, even when the expected loss was relatively high. The prominence effect (the notion that the option with possibly zero deaths is easy to defend and justify) was proposed as one possible explanation. Furthermore, we also found that the zero effect in these life‐saving decisions occurs only in loss framing rather than gain framing. We discuss the relationships between the zero effect, framing, and evaluation mode in life saving and other domains.     

Multivariate base rates for the assessment of executive functioning among children and adolescents

This study provides observed base rates of low executive functioning test scores among healthy children and adolescents, stratifies those base rates by narrow intellectual functioning and age groupings, and provides normative classification ranges to aid the interpretation of performances on the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) in clinical practice and research. Participants included 875 children and adolescents between 8 and 19 years old from the D-KEFS normative sample (48% male; 52% female). Among these participants, 838 had complete data and were included in the current study. The racial/ethnic composition of the sample was: White (73.7%), African American (12.4%), Hispanic (11.1%), and other racial/ethnic backgrounds (2.7%). The Overall Test Battery Mean (OTBM) and the prevalence of low scores at various clinical cut-offs were calculated for the 13 primary scores from the D-KEFS Trail Making Test, Verbal Fluency Test, and Color-Word Interference Test. The OTBM and base rates were also calculated separately for those scores reflecting executive functioning (n = 7) and processing speed (n = 6). Healthy children and adolescents commonly obtained low scores on the D-KEFS tests considered here. Younger age, lower estimated full-scale intelligence quotient, and more test scores interpreted were associated with a greater frequency of low scores. Clinicians and researchers are encouraged to consider these multivariate base rates when assessing and attempting to identify executive functioning impairment among children and adolescents with the D-KEFS.     

Religious beliefs,patient–doctor interaction and resilience as predictors for treatment decisions and health outcomes of heart patients

Treatment decision-making in chronic illness poses long-lasting effects on the health status of patients. In Western individualistic cultures, they are independently taken by the individual in collaboration with doctors contrary to the collectivistic Indian context, where it’s decided by families with little or no involvement of patients. Religious beliefs, patient–doctor interaction, and resilience measures of 100 CAD patients were used to assess their religious beliefs, patient–doctor interaction, and resilience (predictors). Hierarchical Regression Analysis was conducted to test for the significance of the proposed model. Religious beliefs, patient–doctor interaction, and resilience collectively predicted the significant change in decision-making styles, somatic symptoms, anxiety, social dysfunctions, depression, and general health total of the participants. While the treatment decision-making is heavily contingent upon the social factors namely – religious beliefs, patient–doctor interaction, and resilience, there may yet be some underlying psychological factors that have not been explored in the present study.     

青少年学习倦怠量表的多元概化分析

运用多元概化理论考察青少年学习倦怠量表（ASBI）的测量学属性。结果发现,ASBI各因子以及全量表的概化系数和可靠性指数均达到较好水平,既可用于常模参照测验,也可用于标准参照测验;各因子的分量比例还不尽完善,低成就感对全域总分的贡献略低于在全量表中的分值比重,对相对误差方差贡献最大的是低成就感,学业疏离对绝对误差方差的贡献最大;今后ASBI的修订工作,可考虑对学业疏离和低成就感因子条目质量的改进,同时适当增加身心耗竭因子的条目数以提高其测量信度。     

Employer Perceptions of Online Versus Face‐to‐Face Degree Programs

A perception of lesser value for online degrees may lead employers to discount educational background based upon delivery mode. This article examines employers’ perceptions of face‐to‐face versus online master of business administration degrees in new hire and promotion decisions. Using a qualitative design, the authors conducted a pilot and larger study. Results indicated that those making selection decisions view face‐to‐face degrees more positively than online degrees. This finding is considerably more pronounced for employers making new hire decisions than for those making promotion decisions. Specific results and implications are discussed.     

Reliance on Numerical Precision: Compatibility between Accuracy versus Efficiency Goals and Numerical Precision Level Influence Attribute Weighting in Two‐Stage Decisions

This research examines how the weighting of an attribute is jointly affected by attribute precision and decision stage. Building on prior work suggesting (a) that less (more) precise numerical values are easier to process (more accurate), (b) that decision‐makers' motivation to be efficient (accurate) is greater when creating a consideration set (making a final choice), and (c) that decision‐makers tend to overweight information that is compatible with their goals, we hypothesize that when creating a consideration set (making a choice) participants tend to assign greater weight to less (more) precise attributes. Five studies (two of them reported in the Appendix S1) offer triangulating evidence for these predictions. Overall, this work contributes to research on numerical cognition, efficiency versus accuracy trade‐offs, attribute weighting, and two‐stage decisions.     

Detection and Selection Decisions with Conditional Feedback: Interaction of Task Uncertainty and Base Rate

Effects of task uncertainty on decision thresholds in a multiple cue decision task were examined under two types of feedback and three base rate conditions. In most such decision experiments, participants receive feedback after every trial (full feedback) with a single (usually .5) base rate. Our experiment explored conditional (decision‐contingent) feedback, in a task representing a detection problem (passenger screening) in which the decision maker receives no feedback unless the decision is positive (search the passenger). Increased uncertainty made all dependent measures worse. Task uncertainty had detrimental effects on both judgment and decision making, and interacted with effects of feedback and base rate. Decision performance was better with full feedback than with conditional feedback, but not by much. There may be no single unifying explanation for results of our base rate manipulation. Conditional feedback generally resulted in fewer positive decisions than full feedback, but not in the low (.1) base rate condition. Results provide partial support for constructivist encoding and for accuracy maximization with moderate and high base rates, but not with a low base rate. Our results indicated lower selection rates with conditional feedback compared with full feedback in moderate and high base rate conditions, and a more exploratory strategy with higher selection rates with conditional feedback compared with full feedback when base rate was low. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.