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131.
Kirsten T. Verkooijen F. Marijn Stok Saar Mollen 《European journal of social psychology》2015,45(4):417-425
This research follows up on a study by Schultz et al. ( 2007 ), in which the effect of a social norm intervention on energy consumption was examined. The present studies included control groups to examine whether social norm effects would persist beyond regression to the mean. Both studies had a 2 (baseline consumption: below mean versus above mean) × 2 (message condition: no‐message control versus norm message) design . Based on baseline fruit ( Study 1 ) or unhealthy snack ( Study 2 ) consumption, students were classified as above mean or below mean for consumption. One week later, half of the students in the above‐mean and below‐mean groups received normative feedback; control groups did not. Neither study showed an effect of norm messages on behavior relative to control, providing evidence for regression to the mean as an alternative explanation. Findings highlight the importance of control groups to distinguish social norm intervention effects from mere regression to the mean. 相似文献
132.
Previous studies provided contradicting results regarding metacognitive sensitivity estimated from subjective reports of confidence in comparison to subjective reports of visual experience. We investigated whether this effect of content of subjective reports is influenced by the statistical method to quantify metacognitive sensitivity. Comparing logistic regression and meta-d in a masked orientation task, a masked shape task, and a random-dot motion task, we observed metacognitive sensitivity of reports regarding decisional confidence was greater than of reports about visual experience irrespective of mathematical procedures. However, the relationship between subjective reports and the logistic transform of accuracy was often not linear, implying that logistic regression is not a consistent measure of metacognitive sensitivity. We argue that a science of consciousness would benefit from the assessment of both visual experience and decisional confidence, and recommend meta-d as measure of metacognitive sensitivity for future studies. 相似文献
133.
The previously unknown asymptotic distribution of Cook's distance in polytomous logistic regression is established as a linear combination of independent chi‐square random variables with one degree of freedom. An exhaustive approach to the analysis of influential covariates is developed and a new measure for the accuracy of predictions based on such a distribution is provided. Two examples with real data sets (one with continuous covariates and the other with both qualitative and quantitative covariates) are presented to illustrate the approach developed. 相似文献
134.
Alyssa Counsell Robert A. Cribbie 《The British journal of mathematical and statistical psychology》2015,68(2):292-309
Equivalence tests are an alternative to traditional difference‐based tests for demonstrating a lack of association between two variables. While there are several recent studies investigating equivalence tests for comparing means, little research has been conducted on equivalence methods for evaluating the equivalence or similarity of two correlation coefficients or two regression coefficients. The current project proposes novel tests for evaluating the equivalence of two regression or correlation coefficients derived from the two one‐sided tests (TOST) method (Schuirmann, 1987, J. Pharmacokinet. Biopharm, 15, 657) and an equivalence test by Anderson and Hauck (1983, Stat. Commun., 12, 2663). A simulation study was used to evaluate the performance of these tests and compare them with the common, yet inappropriate, method of assessing equivalence using non‐rejection of the null hypothesis in difference‐based tests. Results demonstrate that equivalence tests have more accurate probabilities of declaring equivalence than difference‐based tests. However, equivalence tests require large sample sizes to ensure adequate power. We recommend the Anderson–Hauck equivalence test over the TOST method for comparing correlation or regression coefficients. 相似文献
135.
心理测验中的趋中回归与超常分数重现概率 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
研究了心理测验中的趋中回归及其性质,超常分数重现概率与真分数的分布、测验信度、超常分数界值的关系。结果表明,信度越低,趋中回归越大;超常分数界值越高,趋中回归越大。在正态分布下,超常分数重现概率与信度是指数关系;超常分数重现概率与界值是直线关系。初步讨论了如何在心理学研究中避免和减少趋中回归的误导。 相似文献
136.
Red-Light-Running (RLR) is the major cause of severe injury crashes at signalized intersections for both China and the US. As several studies have been conducted to identify the influencing factors of RLR behavior in the US, no similar studies exist in China. To fill this gap, this study was conducted to identify the key factors that affect RLR and compare the contributing factors between US and China. Data were collected through field observations and video recordings; four intersections in Shanghai were selected as the study sites. Both RLR drivers and comparison drivers, who had the opportunity to run the light but did not, were identified. Based on the collected data, preliminary analyses were firstly conducted to identify the features of the RLR and comparison groups. It was determined that: around 57% of RLR crossed the stop line during the 0–0.4 second time interval after red-light onset, and the numbers of red light violators decreased as the time increased; among the RLR vehicles, 38% turned left and 62% went straight; and at the onset of red, about 88% of RLR vehicles were in the middle of a vehicle platoon. Furthermore, in order to compare the RLR group and non-RLR group, two types of logistic regression models were developed. The ordinary logistic regression model was developed to identify the significant variables from the aspects of driver characteristics, driving conditions, and vehicle types. It was concluded that RLR drivers are more likely to be male, have local license plates, and are driving passenger vehicles but without passengers. Large traffic volume also increased the likelihood of RLR. However, the ordinary logistic regression model only considers influencing factors at the vehicle level: different intersection design and signal settings may also have impact on RLR behaviors. Therefore, in order to account for unobserved heterogeneity among different types of intersections, a random effects logistic regression model was adopted. Through the model comparisons, it has been identified that the model goodness-of-fit was substantially improved through considering the heterogeneity effects at intersections. Finally, benefits of this study and the analysis results were discussed. 相似文献
137.
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139.
Selection of new geographies in which to expand is a key decision for businesses aspiring to go beyond the opportunities in the existing markets. The conventional approaches of market selection can only provide a set of systematic steps for problem solving without considering the relationships between the decision factors. Decision models based on statistical techniques are able to examine the relationship between decision factors but are unable to effectively assist decision makers in identifying the most promising market, particularly in terms of prioritizing across decision factors. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a commonly used approach for choosing alternatives by prioritizing across multiple decision factors. The typical AHP modelling requires knowledge of criteria and/or alternatives along with their relative weights, generally elicited from field experts. Quite often, firms encounter situations where decision makers are aware of only the overall objective and a set of earmarked geographies for setting up market locations while being relatively unaware of decision criteria and relative weights. This precludes using AHP to identify promising market locations. This paper conceptualizes a market selection decision model that integrates AHP with statistical modelling techniques to identify the attractive market locations for the purpose of expansion. The model first uses principal component analysis and multiple regression to determine significant decision criteria and their weights. Thereafter, it applies AHP to prioritize the market locations across the decision criteria. This integrative approach is illustrated for identifying the attractive locations in rural markets for a steel firm in India. The major advantage of this approach is that unlike the existing models, it works in situations when firms have not enough knowledge about factors for evaluating alternative market locations. Another key advantage of the proposed model is that of economizing resources for data collection on variables representing decision factors. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
140.
Pedro J. Boschan 《International Forum of Psychoanalysis》2013,22(1-2):60-65
Based on the concepts of Sándor Ferenczi on trauma and vincularity, the author examines the operation of the mechanisms of dreaming in the processing of early traumatic situations and their clinical utilization. The difference is established between dreams of “repetition”, which lack dream imagery and contain a great amount of anguish, consisting of bodily sensations which may last on awakening, and the “secondary dream” with imagery, into which the first type can be transformed when the capacity of the psychic apparatus to process the traumatic situation is increased through therapeutic work. This “secondarization” of the repetitive dream has a traumatolytic effect, allowing the patient to reach psychoanalytically the mechanisms and mental states prevailing in the traumatic situation, through the mechanism of dream autorepresentation described by Silberer. In some cases, as illustrated in the clinical material, it is possible to anticipate the event of episodes of somatic disease before they become clinically evident.?The detailed analysis of dreams in patients with these characteristics is presented and discussed. 相似文献