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141.
Juan Carlos Tutt 《The International journal of psycho-analysis》2004,85(4):897-921
The concept of trauma currently occupies a central position in interdisciplinary dialogue. Using the concept of psychical trauma as a bridge, the author attempts an interdisciplinary dialogue with psychiatry, biology and neuroscience. Beginning with the concept of psychical trauma in Freud, the author reviews the evolution of Freud's thinking, and links it with the ideas of Ferenczi and post‐Freudian psychoanalytical authors. From a different framework, he considers the present state of research on post‐traumatic stress disorder in current psychiatric nosography and attempts an interdisciplinary approximation to the concept of psychical trauma. Interesting ideas like the traumatic situation, trauma spectrum and psychopathological spectrum emerge, which enable a better understanding of the concept of psychical trauma through its relatedness, as a bridge connecting a broad psychopathological range extending from normality to psychosis. The ensuing possible relative loss of nosographical rigour is more than compensated by the resulting increased understanding and enlarged therapeutic possibilities. In the second part of the paper, the author attempts a dialogue with neuroscience, taking into account new advances in current research on emotion and memory, and making them compatible with the psychoanalytical concept of trauma. In this sense, the paper underlines the importance of emotion and crucially of memory, regarded as a fundamental axis of the subject explored in this paper. Here a substantial distinction which is pertinent for analytical work appears: declarative memories versus non‐declarative or procedural memories. In a concluding discussion the author argues that, taking into account the implications of these current notions regarding a number of theoretical and technical aspects, psychoanalysis currently holds a privileged position, both in its potential for prevention and regarding the treatment of patients, in so far as, through interdisciplinary dialogue, psychoanalysis can be receptive to and be enriched by the contributions of other disciplines, just as it enriches them with its own contributions. 相似文献
142.
Bruce A. Fernie Marcantonio M. Spada Richard G. Brown 《Journal of Cognitive Psychology》2019,31(3):303-316
Poor attentional control leads to attentional biases that are implicated in psychological distress. Attention Training Technique (ATT) is an auditory intervention designed to strengthen attentional control. Research indicates that ATT alleviates anxiety and depressive symptoms. This study is a randomised control trial with repeated measures that tested if a lab-based, single-exposure of ATT strengthened attentional control. Forty-six nonclinical, high anxiety/worry participants received either ATT or a sham control intervention. Attentional control was assessed using the standard and a modified version of the colour-word Stroop task. The modified version incorporated tactile interference to increase perceptual load. A series of mixed effects models, simple contrasts, and z-tests were used to evaluate if cross-modal interference worsened, and whether ATT was beneficial to, attentional control. Tactile interference increased reaction times but, when Stroop interference was controlled for, this was only true on incongruent trials. The impact of ATT was greatest under high perceptual load. 相似文献
143.
144.
我国社区卫生服务发展的障碍与对策研究 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
自1996年试点至今,我国社区卫生服务在政策支持、覆盖面、社区卫生服务站(点)的数量、人员的素质和群众的意识等都取得了令人瞩目的成绩.但是,我国的社区卫生服务尚处于初级阶段,在发展过程中还存在很多的问题,亟待采取有力的措施,克服存在的障碍,进一步完善我国的社区卫生服务体系. 相似文献
145.
146.
We investigated newborns' sensitivity to the direction of gaze of another's face by using a preferential looking technique. This study extends earlier work on a preference for faces with direct gaze in newborns. In Experiment 1, we replicate the basic finding of Farroni and colleagues that newborns prefer to look at faces with direct gaze. In Experiments 2 and 3, we establish that a preference for faces with direct gaze in newborns is present only within the context of an upright face and a straight head, suggesting that relatively primitive configuration-sensitive mechanisms may be operating. Overall, these results further the view that relatively simple perceptual biases in newborns may be an essential foundation for later social-cognitive development. 相似文献
147.
In chimpanzees, it is only in the restricted context of tool use that manual and cognitive skills have been described, comparable
to those that gorillas and orang-utans display in obtaining plant foods. We report the complex food preparation skills used
to eat, without tools, the leaves of the tree Broussonettia papyrifera in the Sonso community of chimpanzees at Budongo Forest, Uganda. Able-bodied individuals used multi-stage techniques that
required bimanual role differentiation at several stages, and were hierarchical in organisation. A total repertoire of 14
techniques was found, with strong preference in all individuals for either of two of these; 6 additional techniques were found
when flowers and leaves were eaten together. However, in this community over 20% of individuals suffer from some form of upper-
or lower-limb injury as a result of snares. We investigated the manner of compensation for upper-limb injury. Only the most
severely injured showed reduced feeding efficiency. Injured individuals were found to use the same repertoire of techniques
as able-bodied chimpanzees. We found no evidence to suggest that injured individuals were able to develop wholly novel techniques
optimal for their specific injuries, although shifts in preference for particular techniques did occur. Rather, injured individuals
used novel ways of achieving particular steps in the process; by "working around" their impairments; in this way, they managed
to use the same techniques as the able-bodied. Since snare injuries generally befall young animals, these results suggest
that chimpanzees learn techniques partly through observational learning (of, necessarily, able-bodied individuals).
Accepted after revision: 8 February 2001
Electronic Publication 相似文献
148.
Waska R 《American journal of psychoanalysis》2003,63(1):49-67
For a variety of reasons, psychoanalytic training is done in somewhat of a vacuum. It teaches a theory and a way of practicing that does not always translate well to day-to-day private practice work. The clinical realities of psychoanalytic practice prove the psychoanalytic method to be one that provides help to a wider audience than classical psychoanalytic training programs might suggest. The psychoanalytic approach offers the analyst many special opportunities to work with and help a wide variety of patients. Analysts who accept both the limitations as well as the wide application and broad benefits of the psychoanalytic approach may have a more fulfilling experience than their training experiences might foster. At the same time, the analyst's level of therapeutic skill, the patient's diagnosis, and many multiple external factors create different limitations in the practice and outcome of psychoanalytic work. Extensive case material is used to show the broad range of patients who are helped by the psychoanalytic method. The clinical material also shows the less than perfect, but often good enough outcomes of these difficult cases with often severely disturbed patients. 相似文献
149.
Police officers are often trained to use the Behavior Analysis Interview (BAI) to detect deceit, but it is based on faulty indicators of lying that may be especially problematic for juveniles due to developmental immaturities. Juveniles, young adults, and adults were assigned to guilt or innocence conditions, read a criminal scenario, and self-reported their likelihood of providing truthful and deceitful responses during a hypothetical BAI. All participants indicated they would give more truthful than deceptive responses. Guilty participants reported more use of strategies to appear innocent, while innocent participants said they would behave naturally. Juveniles were more likely to choose deceitful responses and say they would use strategies to appear innocent during a police interview but endorsed fewer stereotypical cues of deception compared to adults. Juveniles may not recognize how certain behaviors could be seen as cues to deception, which could put them at risk of being misidentified as guilty. 相似文献
150.