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61.
Haruhiko Ogasawara 《Psychometrika》1996,61(1):73-92
As a multivariate model of the number of events, Rasch's multiplicative Poisson model is extended such that the parameters
for individuals in the prior gamma distribution have continuous covariates. The parameters for individuals are integrated
out and the hyperparameters in the prior distribution are estimated by a numerical method separately from difficulty parameters
that are treated as fixed parameters or random variables. In addition, a method is presented for estimating parameters in
Rasch's model with missing values.
The author is now affiliated with the Otara University of Commerce.
The author is grateful to Yoshio Takane, Haruo Yanai, Eiji Muraki, the editor and referees for their careful readings and
helpful suggestions on earlier versions of this paper. Part of this work was presented at the third European Congress of Psychology
at Tampere, Finland in 1993. 相似文献
62.
J. Anthony Blair 《Argumentation》1998,12(2):325-339
63.
64.
Phoebe Chang MSSW 《Contemporary Family Therapy》1996,18(4):489-505
Practitioners in Hong Kong have shown an increasing interest in various family therapy approaches since the 1980s. This paper offers a critique of the major concepts and techniques of the Satir model applied to families in Hong Kong. Cultural considerations are examined in relation to the family structure and hierarchy, the Chinese self and self-esteem, communication patterns, and family rules. Implications for the application of the Satir model of family therapy in Hong Kong are discussed. 相似文献
65.
本文运用个案研究方法 ,从人类理性的角度分析了企业在不同的生产经营条件下的目标设置方式 ,发现不确定性和目标难度对管理者的目标设置过程有很大的影响。在确定的 ,且任务较容易的情况下 ,目标设置是以一种与理性期望模型相一致的方式进行的 ,而在高度不确定的条件下 ,管理者则倾向于采用渐进适应的模式设置目标。对管理者的经营活动作进一步深入的分析发现 ,在高难度的任务目标情景中 ,决策者更多地从战略的层次 ,而不是从具体的层次上寻求实现目标的途径 ,从而提出了目标难度与实绩的“策略搜索层次”假设 相似文献
66.
Alan C. Repp Ph.D. Kathryn G. Karsh Ed.D. Jesse W. Johnson Ed.D. Toni VanLaarhoven Ed.D. 《Journal of Behavioral Education》1996,6(2):213-230
In teaching discriminations to persons with retardation, we often presume we will improve acquisition and generalization if we use multiple examples of boththe correct and incorrect stimuli. Two experiments were conducted to test this hypothesis. In the first experiment, 7 persons with moderate retardation learned to discriminate between functional words under two conditions. In one condition, Multiple Example of S- Only,1 example of the correct stimulus (S+) and 10 examples of the incorrect stimulus (S-) were used during acquisition. In the other condition, Multiple Examples of S+ and S-,10 examples of the S+ and 10 examples of the S- were used. Results showed that the condition which presented only a single example of S+ was superior 16 times and inferior 4 times during acquisition, generalization, and maintenance. A second experiment was conducted to (a) replicate the methodology and procedures in Experiment 1 with different participants, (b) determine whether the results were replicable, and (c) obtain efficiency data. Results replicated the findings of the first experiment. The condition which presented only a single example of S+ was superior on measures of (a) trials to criterion, (b) percent correct during acquisition, and (c) minutes to criterion. On measures of generalization, the two conditions were relatively equal. Thus, the condition which presented only a single example of the correct stimulus was more efficient and was just as effective in generalization as the condition which presented multiple examples of both the S+ and S-. These surprising results were discussed in terms of stimulus control, why students performed just as well during generalization when only one example of the S+ was used, why acquisition was also poorer for this condition, and how future studies might address these points. 相似文献
67.
Previous studies have shown that unexplained deviations in maternal serum multiple marker screening (MMS) generate considerable anxiety during the remainder of pregnancy. While the role of education in decreasing anxiety is documented, to date there has been no prospective evaluation of which educational practices might minimize this emotional stress. In a pilot study, we prospectively examined the effects on anxiety and knowledge by providing information about MMS (1) by genetic counselor, (2) by pamphlet, and (3) by primary physician. Women randomized to one of these three modalities were administered the Spielberger State- Trait Anxiety Inventory [STAI] and knowledge questionnaires at their initial obstetrics visit, at their second visit after educational intervention and 1–2 weeks after MMS results were provided to patients. Education resulted in an increase in knowledge and post-education knowledge was different between educational modalities. Anxiety declined in patients educated through genetic counseling or a pamphlet. 相似文献
68.
John E. Carr 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》1996,3(2):141-144
Despite advances in behavioral medicine and health psychology, the health care system and medical education continue to show resistance to a truly biopsychosocial model of medical practice. Psychologists in medical settings have generally been identified as challenging the concept of mind-body duality and the segregation of biologic and psychosocial sciences in medicine. However, examples are presented of how psychologists contribute to and perpetuate mind-body segregation via exclusive theoretical conceptualizations, arbitrary definitions of professional behavior, and dogmatic constraints on the limits of psychology's field of knowledge. 相似文献
69.
为考察初中生友谊质量与孤独感的变化轨迹及两者间的关系,采用关系网络问卷、孤独感量表对西安市的875名初中生(M=12.73±0.18;男生494名)进行三年追踪测量,使用多元潜变量增长模型进行分析。结果发现:(1)初中三年,中学生的友谊质量逐渐提高,孤独感水平逐渐下降;(2)初一时的友谊质量和孤独感水平存在显著的个体差异,初中三年期间二者的发展速度也存在个体差异;(3)初一时的友谊质量可显著预测初一时的孤独感水平(β=-1.77,p<0.001)及随后的发展速度(β=0.20,p<0.05);(4)男生的孤独感水平初始值高于女生,友谊质量的初始值则低于女生;高SES个体孤独感的起始值高于低SES个体。本研究结果揭示了初中三年期间个体友谊质量与孤独感的动态变化关系及友谊质量对孤独感的预测作用,对改善青少年孤独感的现状有一定的现实指导意义。 相似文献
70.
The relative law of effect: effects of shock intensity on response strength in multiple schedules 总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0
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Bouzas A 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1978,30(3):307-314
Key pecking of four birds was reinforced with food according to a two-component multiple variable-interval 1-minute variable-interval 4-minute schedule. In addition, key pecking was punished by a brief shock according to a variable-interval 30-second schedule during both components of the multiple schedule. The intensity of the shock was varied. For all birds, punishment had a stronger suppressive effect on the responding maintained by the leaner food schedule, and the ratio of responding during the two components of the multiple schedule became closer to the ratio of reinforcement as shock intensity was increased, as the relative law of effect predicts. At the higher shock intensity, there was some evidence that the ratio of responses overmatched the ratio of reinforcements. 相似文献