Social Dominance Orientation and Right‐Wing Authoritarianism: Additive and Interactive Effects on Political Conservatism

It is commonly accepted that social dominance orientation (SDO) and right‐wing authoritarianism (RWA) are potent unique predictors of a variety of prejudice and prejudice‐related constructs. However, contrary to some predictions, there has been little evidence that these constructs interact to produce this outcome—they appear to be additive but not interactive in their prediction of prejudice. We extend the interaction hypothesis to consideration of another broadly relevant construct—political ideology. Drawing from 14 independent New Zealand–based samples, we show, through meta‐analysis and multilevel random coefficient modelling, that SDO and RWA additively and interactively predict levels of political conservatism operationalised in a variety of ways. Specifically, both constructs are associated with increasing political conservatism, and the lowest levels of conservatism (or highest levels of political liberalism) are found in those lowest in both SDO and RWA.     

Hostile attribution bias's role in perceived stress among college freshman students: A latent growth modelling approach

This study's objective was to examine the growth trajectories of freshman students' perceived stress and whether hostile attribution bias predicts the pattern of perceived stress change using latent growth analyses. A longitudinal dataset with fourth measurement points was gathered from a total of 1109 college students enrolled at a university in Guizhou Province in the first 3 months after college freshmen enrollment. The freshman students' levels of perceived stress tend to show a piecewise linear decline during the transition period, which manifests as a faster decline in the first stage (within the first month) than in the second stage (after the first month). Moreover, hostile attribution bias not only positively predicted the initial level of perceived stress but also positively predicted the slope of perceived stress in the first and second stages. In addition, there was a significant sex difference in the initial level of perceived stress where the initial level of perceived stress was higher in females than in males, but there was no significant sex difference in the rate of perceived stress decline. These results highlight the longitudinal relationship between hostile attribution bias and perceived stress and have implications for improving freshmen' college adaptation.     

A theoretical analysis of the perceptual span based on SWIFT simulations of the n + 2 boundary paradigm

Eye-movement experiments suggest that the perceptual span during reading is larger than the fixated word, asymmetric around the fixation position, and shrinks in size contingent on the foveal processing load. We used the SWIFT model of eye-movement control during reading to test these hypotheses and their implications under the assumption of graded parallel processing of all words inside the perceptual span. Specifically, we simulated reading in the boundary paradigm and analysed the effects of denying the model to have valid preview of a parafoveal word n + 2 two words to the right of fixation. Optimizing the model parameters for the valid preview condition only, we obtained span parameters with remarkably realistic estimates conforming to the empirical findings on the size of the perceptual span. More importantly, the SWIFT model generated parafoveal processing up to word n + 2 without fitting the model to such preview effects. Our results suggest that asymmetry and dynamic modulation are plausible properties of the perceptual span in a parallel word-processing model such as SWIFT. Moreover, they seem to guide the flexible distribution of processing resources during reading between foveal and parafoveal words.     

Is expressive suppression an effective coping strategy? A study of Chinese rescue medical staff following an earthquake

The current study examined the function of expressive suppression among Chinese rescue medical staff following a major earthquake. We administered self‐report questionnaires to (1) a sample of Chinese hospital medical staff (n = 305) who assisted victims of the Sichuan earthquake, and (2) a second sample of Chinese hospital medical staff (n = 149) who had not been exposed to a major stressor. To examine possible interaction effects among differing emotion regulation strategies, we also conducted structured interviews with a subset of rescue medical staff to obtain support for a positive function of expressive suppression and a mediating role of positive reappraisal. Structural equation modelling indicated that expressive suppression was associated with higher levels of job engagement and lower levels of job burnout among the rescue medical staff and that these effects were mediated by positive reappraisal. However, for regular medical staff (not exposed to traumatic stress), expressive suppression was associated with higher levels of both job engagement and job burnout; these effects were mediated by acceptance. These results provide preliminary evidence for the positive role of expressive suppression within Chinese culture.     

Bayesian networks for unbiased assessment of referee bias in Association Football

ObjectivesTo assess referee bias with respect to fouls and penalty kicks awarded by taking explanatory factors into consideration.DesignWe present a novel Bayesian network model for assessing referee bias with respect to fouls and penalty kicks awarded. The model is applied to the 2011-12 English Premier League season.MethodUnlike previous studies, the model takes into consideration explanatory factors which, if ignored, can lead to biased assessments of referee bias. For example, a team may be awarded more penalties simply because it attacks more, not because referees are biased in its favour. Hence, we incorporate causal factors such as possession, time spent in the opposition penalty box, etc. prior to estimating the degree of penalty kicks bias.ResultsWe found fairly strong referee bias, based on penalty kicks awarded, in favour of certain teams when playing at home. Specifically, the two teams (Manchester City and Manchester United) who finished first and second appear to have benefited from bias that cannot be fully justified by the explanatory factors. Conversely Arsenal, a team of similar popularity and wealth and who finished third, benefited least of all 20 teams from referee bias at home with respect to penalty kicks awarded.ConclusionsAmong our conclusions are that, in contrast to many previous studies, being the home team does not in itself result in positive referee bias. More importantly, the model is able to explain significant discrepancies of penalty kicks bias into non-significant after accounting for the explanatory factors.     

腔内成形术治疗下肢动脉硬化闭塞症的技巧及临床观察

评价腔内成形术（PTA及PTAS）治疗下肢动脉硬化闭塞症的技巧和临床观察。2010年10月至2013年10月,对37例下肢动脉硬化闭塞症血管多段病变患者采用经皮血管腔内成形术和经皮血管腔内成形＋支架植入术治疗。结果36（97％）例手术成功,术后肢体缺血症状完全消失或明显改善,38条患肢皮温明显升高,间歇性跛行消失或距离延长,静息痛好转。术后踝／肱指数（ABI）（0．83±0．12）与术前（0．35±0．07）比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。合理的腔内成形术（PTA＋PTAS）是治疗下肢动脉硬化闭塞症安全有效的方法。熟练掌握腔内成形术是提高手术成功率和维持通畅率的关键。     

Modelling unsupervised online-learning of artificial grammars: Linking implicit and statistical learning

Humans rapidly learn complex structures in various domains. Findings of above-chance performance of some untrained control groups in artificial grammar learning studies raise questions about the extent to which learning can occur in an untrained, unsupervised testing situation with both correct and incorrect structures. The plausibility of unsupervised online-learning effects was modelled with n-gram, chunking and simple recurrent network models. A novel evaluation framework was applied, which alternates forced binary grammaticality judgments and subsequent learning of the same stimulus. Our results indicate a strong online learning effect for n-gram and chunking models and a weaker effect for simple recurrent network models. Such findings suggest that online learning is a plausible effect of statistical chunk learning that is possible when ungrammatical sequences contain a large proportion of grammatical chunks. Such common effects of continuous statistical learning may underlie statistical and implicit learning paradigms and raise implications for study design and testing methodologies.     

纵向数据的调节效应分析

目前调节效应检验主要是基于截面数据, 本文讨论纵向(追踪)数据的调节效应分析。如果自变量X和因变量Y有纵向数据, 调节效应可分为三类：调节变量Z不随时间变化、Z随时间变化、调节变量从自变量或因变量中产生。评介了基于多层模型、多层结构方程模型、交叉滞后模型和潜变量增长模型的纵向数据的多种调节效应分析方法。调节效应的分解和潜调节结构方程法的使用是纵向数据的调节效应分析的两大特点。对基于四类模型的调节效应分析方法进行综合比较后, 总结出一个纵向数据的调节效应分析流程。随后用实际例子演示如何进行纵向数据的调节效应分析, 并给出相应的Mplus程序。随后展望了纵向数据的调节效应分析的拓展方向, 例如基于动态结构方程模型的密集追踪数据的调节效应分析。     

在线学习环境中教师幽默对学习投入的影响：一个多水平的结构方程分析

以教学幽默风格模型（Instructional Humor Styles）和教学幽默加工理论（Instructional Humor Processing Theory）为基础,通过构建多水平的结构方程模型探索在线学习环境中,教师幽默与学习投入关系。结果表明：（1）教师幽默与学习投入无显著相关;（2）在学生层面,仅学生感知的与课堂相关的教师幽默与学习投入呈显著正相关;（3）学生感知的与课堂相关,与课堂无关和攻击性的教师幽默均能通过积极情绪和消极情绪对学习投入产生影响。此外,自我贬低的教师幽默仅通过消极情绪对学习投入产生作用。本研究首次将教学幽默风格理论模型拓展至在线学习环境中,从教师层面和学生层面验证了该理论在我国的适应性。此外,本研究验证了教学幽默加工理论,揭示了教师幽默对学习投入的内在机制,这对改善在线学习环境中学生的学习投入具有一定的指导意义。     

神经质人格对中小学生抑郁的影响：班级环境的跨层调节作用

基于素质-应激理论考察神经质人格及班级环境对中小学生抑郁的作用机制,对30个班级共933名中小学生进行问卷调查。多层分析结果显示：（1）中小学生抑郁存在显著的班级聚集效应;（2）神经质人格正向预测中小学生抑郁,班级人际环境、班级学习环境均负向预测中小学生抑郁;（3）班级学习环境跨层调节神经质人格与中小学生抑郁之间的关系,即积极的班级学习环境削弱了神经质人格对中小学生抑郁的影响。结果表明,我国教学制度下的班级学习环境在中小学生抑郁预防过程中可发挥重要作用。