Levels of analysis and sources of data in sales research: a multilevel-multisource review

Sales researchers are increasingly adopting a multilevel-multisource (MLMS) approach to answer many key questions involving sales managers, salespeople and customers. MLMS research involves the acquisition and analysis of data collected from two or more sources pertaining to multiple hierarchical levels and presents a number of opportunities and challenges for sales researchers to consider. The authors highlight the benefits and the drawbacks of MLMS research and describe various approaches for implementing an MLMS collection and analysis. Additionally, a review of the MLMS studies conducted in the sales domain is provided which summarizes and delineates relationships tested in the extant literature. Based on this review, the authors advance a number of underdeveloped areas of research where MLMS approaches can be applied to further the understanding of the dynamic conditions that typify sales research.     

非小细胞肺癌 EG FR 基因突变检测与临床意义

采用荧光PCR法对199例晚期非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC ）组织进行表皮生长因子受体（EGFR ）基因突变检测,分析EGFR基因突变的分布特征及其与临床病理特征的相关性。结果显示56例（28．1％）存在EGFR基因突变,其中27例（13．6％）为外显子19突变,25例（12．6％）为外显子21突变,2例为外显子18突变,1例外显子20突变,1例外显子18和20的共突变。另外,除广东及安徽省铜陵市外,辽宁地区NSCLC患者EGFR基因突变率及主要突变类型与其他地区相符,常见于外显子19、21突变,其中腺癌、不吸烟患者突变率更高,更适宜EGFR-TKI靶向治疗。     

乳腺癌患者“创伤后成长”的研究进展

近年来,乳腺癌的发病率不断上升,乳腺癌已逐渐成为危害女性健康的首位恶性肿瘤。手术给患者的身心带来很大伤害,但研究者发现,在与乳腺癌这一疾病做斗争的过程中患者会产生一种正向的心理变化,这就是积极心理学领域研究的创伤后成长。本文从创伤后成长内涵、国内外研究现状、测量工具、影响因素、干预方法等几方面对乳腺癌创伤后成长研究现状进行文献综述,为乳腺癌患者心理护理提供依据。     

EGFR突变NSCLC二线TKIs治疗优化选择

恶性肿瘤的治疗已经进入驱动基因指导下的个体治疗时代,肺癌患者应该进行多基因检测,特别是表皮生长因子受体（EGFR）基因突变。EGFR基因突变的非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）患者,如果一线接受了化疗,二线应该选择表皮生长因子受体一酪氨酸酶抑制剂（EGFR—TKIs）。EGFR基因突变的NSCLC患者一线EGFR—TKIs治疗失败后,二线治疗应该是个体化合理选择,包括局部放疗、化疗和继续EGFR—TKIs。目前一代和二代EGFR—TKIs药物之间未见到显著疗效差别。第三代EGFR—TKIs是目前的EGFR—TKIs耐药后的最有希望的选择,特别是针对T790M突变耐药。     

IGFBP-2及IGFBP-6在结直肠癌中的表达及意义

研究胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白2（IGFBP-2）及胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白6（IGFBP-6）在结直肠癌中的表达及临床意义。采用免疫组织化学法及RT-PCR方法检测结直肠癌、结直肠腺瘤及癌旁正常黏膜组织中IGFBP-2及IGFBP-6的蛋白及mRNA的表达情况,结合临床病理资料进行统计学分析。IGFBP-2及IGFBP-6蛋白的阳性表达及mRNA的表达量在三组组织中均存在异常表达情况,且差异有明显的统计学意义（P〈0.05）,在结直肠癌组IGFBP-2、IGFBP-6的阳性表达在肿瘤浸润深度、有无淋巴结转移及Duke＇s分期存在差异,有明显的统计学差异（P〈0.05）。临床可以把二者作为结直肠癌诊断及预后的早期预测指标。     

PTSD,Posttraumatic Growth,and Coping Among Ultra-Orthodox Jewish Battered Women in Israel

This study examined the association between posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms, posttraumatic growth (PTG), and coping styles in a very unique and difficult-to-access Jewish ultra-Orthodox population. The study was conducted with 88 women who spent time in the only shelter in Israel for battered women from the ultra-Orthodox Jewish community; data were collected almost 6 years on average after they left the shelter. No association was found between PTS symptoms and PTG. In addition, coping style was not found to have an indirect effect on the relationship between these variables. The theoretical and clinical implications of these findings are discussed.     

When do employees cross boundaries? Individual and contextual determinants of career mobility

This study investigates the joint effects of individual characteristics and the labour market on career mobility. We propose that level of education, openness to experience, and a favourable labour market relate positively to employees crossing organizational, industrial, and occupational boundaries. Management programme alumni (N = 503) provided information through an online survey about their career histories, their level of education, and their openness to experience. Additionally, we used the unemployment rate as an indicator for yearly changes in the labour market. The results of our cross-classified multilevel analysis indicate that both individual characteristics and the labour market are determinants of career mobility. Level of education had a positive effect on organizational and industrial boundary crossing, and changes in the labour market related to organizational boundary crossing. Against our assumptions, openness to experience had no effect on career mobility, and none of the predictors were related to occupational boundary crossing. Our results demonstrate the importance of investigating career mobility from a boundary perspective combined with a focus on both individual and contextual characteristics. The dominance of education compared to personality and the difficulty of explaining occupational mobility open new research avenues and yield practical implications for employees, career counsellors, and organizations.     

Failing safely: Increasing theology and religious studies students’ resilience and academic confidence via risk‐taking in formative assessment

Students increasingly appear anxious, risk‐averse, and worried about getting things “wrong.” They may appear to lack intellectual curiosity, and be unwilling to engage in independent study. This essay explores how teaching and assessment in theology and religious studies might help students learn to take intellectual risks, and increase their resilience. One approach is to encourage students to experiment and “fail safely,” to increase their confidence that they understand what is expected of them, and to help them begin to understand learning as more broadly formational, not always directed toward a grade. I suggest three strategies: more formative assessment; a stronger narrative about the purpose of formative assessment; and an appeal to values, virtue, and the cultivation of character. Via these approaches, students might be encouraged to understand assessment in less utilitarian terms and increase their resilience for a world characterized by volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity, prepared both critically and dispositionally to thrive and contribute positively to society.     

Emotional intelligence and personal growth initiative effects on subjective happiness among university students

This study examined emotional intelligence and personal growth initiative influences on the level of subjective happiness among university students in Ghana. Two hundred and sixty undergraduate students were participants (female = 69.8%; mean age = 21.72 years, SD = 3.61 years). They responded to measures of emotional intelligence, personal growth initiative, and subjective happiness. After controlling for their demographic characteristics, and following hierarchical regression analysis, results indicate emotional intelligence and intentional behaviour domain of personal growth to predict students’ level of subjective happiness. These findings suggest that students’ ability to manage and utilise their emotions, as well as their personal growth initiative contribute significantly to their level of happiness.     

Cross-Cultural Challenges to the Construct “Posttraumatic Growth”

Responses of individuals to traumatic events are varied. Traumatic events can lead to positive transformations that are known as posttraumatic growth (PTG). Most of the empirical studies of PTG have been addressed from a Western perspective. Theoretically, the concept appears to be cross-culturally valid, but there has been a fundamental deficiency in operationalizing the concept in regard to cultures that are non-Western. Cultural elements play an important role in influencing the behavior of individuals in the aftermath of trauma. Hence, it is important to conceptualize and measure PTG in the framework of the culture to which the individual belongs. The effects of culture come from both the immediate culture (proximal) and the broader (distal) sources that impact the nature of rumination, cognitive strategies, and the process of growth. This paper addresses various cross-cultural challenges to the construct PTG such as emic versus etic perspectives on PTG, proximate and distal influences of culture on PTG, specific cultural influences on rumination, cognitive strategies, and growth, cultural bias inherent in theories of PTG, and measurement issues of PTG across cultures.