领导领域中归因理论的研究述评

领导领域中的归因研究对于把握领导过程、组织绩效评估以及领导成员关系等问题均具有重要的理论与实际意义。文章回顾了自领导归因理论提出以后,领导归因领域中包括有关模型构建、验证与发展、内隐归因在内的相关研究;同时,对归因偏差、归因风格、领导成员关系、人格特质、领导类型、情绪、文化及相关人口学变量等因素与领导归因的关系研究进行了系统梳理;最后,分析、总结了该领域以往研究的不足及今后的研究趋势     

多层次研究的数据聚合适当性检验:文献评价与关键问题试解

组织管理领域的多层次研究经常需要测量共享单位特性构念, 常用方法是将单位内若干个体成员的评分聚合到单位层次, 确保聚合后的分数具有充分代表性的统计前提是通过聚合适当性检验。聚合适当性检验的常用指标是组内一致性r_WG和组内信度ICC(1)、ICC(2), 但目前学界对于这两类指标何者更优、r_WG的原分布选择和数据清理、各指标的划界值等关键问题存在诸多争议。为此, 首先对国内9份管理学、心理学期刊2014年以来发表的166篇包含聚合适当性检验的论文进行内容分析, 并以Journal of Applied Psychology上的85篇论文为对比, 查明常规实践中的共性问题, 进而提出实践建议:(1)明确功能定位, 将r_WG作为聚合适当性指标, ICC(1)和ICC(2)分别作为效度、信度指标。(2)计算r_WG时审慎选择原分布, 排除组内一致性过低的组。(3)为各指标设定更加合理、有适度灵活性的划界值, 停止使用武断、粗糙的经验标准。最后, 强调研究者在模型构建和聚合决策中应加强理论考量, 避免片面依赖统计检验结果。     

《庄子注》中的"独化"说及其现代意义

郭象《庄子注》认为,万物在"玄冥"之中独化而来,万物既不是由它之前的无产生出来,也不是由另一个有产生出来,万物的产生不依赖于任何它者,它是自身在产生的那一刹那,自身与自身冥合的结果.这一思想对理解宇宙生成论以及宇宙有限与无限的统一问题具有重要价值.     

Native language influence on the distributive effect in producing second language subject–verb agreement

Three experiments were conducted to investigate the distributive effect when producing subject–verb agreement in English as a second language (L2) when the participant's first language either does or does not require subject–verb agreement. Both Chinese–English and Uygur–English bilinguals were included in Experiment 1. Chinese has no required subject–verb agreement, whereas Uygur does. Results showed that the distributive effect was observed in Uygur–English bilinguals but not in Chinese–English bilinguals, indicating that this particular first language (L1) syntactic feature is one significant factor affecting the distributive effect in the production of subject–verb agreement in L2. Experiment 2 further investigated the matter by choosing Chinese–English participants with higher L2 proficiency. Still, no distributive effect was observed, suggesting that the absence of distributive effect in Chinese–English bilinguals in Experiment 1 was not due to low proficiency in the target language. Experiment 3 changed the way the stimuli were presented, highlighting the singular or distributive nature of the subject noun phrases, and the distributive effect was observed in Chinese–English bilinguals. Altogether, the results show that the L1 syntactic feature of subject–verb agreement is one significant factor affecting the distributive effect in the production of subject–verb agreement in L2. More specifically, distributive effects rarely occur in L2 when L1 has no requirement on subject–verb agreement, whereas distributive effects are more likely to occur in L2 when the L1 also has required subject–verb agreement.     

Islam and the Sermon on the Mount

The theme of Islam and the Sermon on the Mount belongs to a lively, controversial field of discourse, in which representatives of the major monotheistic religions conflict in their claims to truth, and it has formed a central point in their encounters. For example, representatives of the Salafiyya saw in the Sermon a barrier to the secular order. Through their criticisms, they tended even to appropriate the Sermon for the purposes of Islam. However, the ethical message of the Sermon has usually not been interrogated as such. Form-critical, symbolic, structural and intentional similarities in Muslim remarks point to this appreciation. Nevertheless, Muslims seem much more concerned with the specific contextual meaning of the Sermon and its historicity rather than considering its principle of love for enemies or its legislative nature. Thus, positive receptions of the Sermon, such as al-Ghazzālī's or the recognition discourse of Sayyid Ahmad Khan, if not forgotten, have fallen into the background. In the atmosphere of Christian missionary and colonial experience and the post-colonial aftermath, this reception history and its semantic transformations are certainly understandable. However, they first offer a fertile ground for inter-religious dialogue when the mutual understanding processes are revealed and the discursively produced internal and external allocations, so rich with meaning, are exposed.     

TREM-1与肿瘤关系的研究进展

有关炎症与肿瘤相互关系的研究已成为目前肿瘤研究的热点之一.髓样细胞表达触发受体-1(TREM-1)作为一种免疫球蛋白超家族激活型受体,在炎症反应发生、级联放大中具有重要作用,可影响肿瘤微环境中各种相关细胞因子(如IL-8、MCP-1、TNF-α)水平,通过损伤、抑制修复等机制参与肿瘤发生、浸润和转移等病理性过程,影响患者预后.本文主要就TREM-1在肿瘤方面的相关研究进展进行综述.     

Perfectionistic self-presentation, body image, and eating disorder symptoms

A specific model for eating disorder symptoms involving perfectionistic self-presentation and two different moderators (i.e., body image evaluation and body image investment) was tested. Participants completed measures of perfectionistic self-presentation, body image dysfunction, and eating disorder symptoms. Findings indicated that all three dimensions of perfectionistic self-presentation were associated with eating disorder symptoms. Results also showed that perfectionistic self-presentation predicted eating disorder symptoms in women who were dissatisfied with their bodies, but that it did not predict eating problems in women who liked their bodies and felt there was little or no discrepancy between their actual and ideal appearances. Body image investment did not moderate the relationship between perfectionistic self-presentation and eating disorder symptoms, suggesting that ego-involvement alone is insufficient to promote eating disturbance in the context of perfectionism. The importance of self-presentation components of perfectionism and specific body image difficulties in predicting eating disorder symptoms are discussed.     

Focusing on Educational Outcomes

National education goals, content standards, and national tests are the hot topics of the day in educational reform. Special services personnel eventually will be faced with these issues, and can either be part of the discussion from the beginning, or wait and have to deal with someone else's decisions. In this article, we highlight some recent national and state educational reform activities and their probable implications for students with disabilities. We explain in brief the impetus behind the thrust toward an outcomesbased approach to education, and summarize the response of the National Center on Educational Outcomes for Students with Disabilities to this push. Possible ways in which special service providers can act to influence the focus on outcomes are described.     

Mutual Funds Efficiency Measurement under Financial and Social Responsibility Criteria

Socially responsible investors pursue financial as well as nonfinancial goals. Whereas the role of financial criteria in investment decisions is well understood, much less is known on the influence of social responsibility considerations. This work seeks to integrate both dimensions within a data envelopment analysis framework consistent with second‐order stochastic dominance efficiency. We compare the performance of conventional versus socially responsible mutual funds on an empirical data set. Our data do not support the conjecture that conventional mutual funds exhibit superior overall performance. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.