孔子传《易》与作《春秋》的关系新论

孔子传《易》,直接出于作《春秋》的需要——孔子所作《春秋》,不是《春秋经》,而是《左传》蓝本．孔子传《易》之“窃义”,与其作《春秋》的“窃义”,异曲同工。孔子传《易》与作《春秋》,相互促成,共同形成了儒学的“天道—性命—道德”三位一统的道德本体学说体系．     

心理学两种文化对心理咨询与治疗的影响

心理学领域中存在着两种文化取向——“科学”与“人文”,两种不同的文化对心理咨询与治疗有着深刻的影响,进而影响着高校心理健康教育的定位等问题。     

Nominal scale agreement among observers

Experiments are considered where each of a sample of subjects is assigned to one of C categories separately by each of a fixed or varying group of observers. Building on earlier publications, general procedures are proposed to analyze agreements and disagreements among observers. In the case of a varying group of observers, it is shown that it is not necessary to demand a constant number of observers per subject. In the case of a fixed group of observers, the problem of missing data is considered.The procedures are illustrated within the context of two clinical diagnosis examples. In the first example it is investigated which categories are relatively hard to distinguish from one another; a new theorem is applied that shows a useful property of the statistic kappa. In the second example it is investigated if a subgroup of observers can be found with a significantly higher degree of interobserver agreement.The author gratefully acknowledges the valuable suggestions by W. Molenaar, R. van Strik, R. Popping and the referees.     

帛书《系辞》反映的时代与文化

本文认为,帛书《系辞》比通行本早出,主要是它反映的时代与文化,与占筮、巫术有更深更密切的联系,今本则把其中与此有关的一些重要内容,如“易有大恒”“三陈九德”“古物定命”等等,加以删改了。理性、义理的成份亦大大增强了。从整体看,帛本与通行本系辞,呈现出两种不同的面貌,反映不同的时代与文化。     

敦煌写本《无量寿观经义记》和《无量寿经义记》考论

仅存于敦煌写卷中的《无量寿观经义记》和《无量寿经义记》,虽然在半个多世纪以前曾引起日本学者的注意,但至今尚无人对此二义记作深入的探讨。本文对它们的时代和撰者作了考证,修正了日本学者望月信亨先生认为它们皆为隋释灵裕所撰的观点;净土往生者的阶位判属问题是二义记的主要的思想内容,阐明其特点对于全面而正确地认识弥陀净土教理的演进史是非常有价值的,故本文对它们的思想特点也作了论述。     

Recency, immediate recognition memory, and reaction time

Four classes of possible mechanisms for short-term item recognition are distinguished: (I) pure list-search, (II) direct-access activation (or trace strength) discrimination, (III) mixtures (of I and II), and (IV) response-association. Manipulations of recency, particularly of negative probe items, provide critical tests between them. Two experiments are reported using Sternberg' s 1966 varied-set reaction time paradigm, coupled with procedures intended to minimize rehearsal and control the recency of probes and memory set items. RT and error rate were greater for negative probe items that had recently been presented than for items less recently presented, and this effect increased with positive set size. In contrast, positive RT was, except for the initial item, a decreasing function of recency (= serial position), and there was no additional effect of set size per se. A brief filled delay between list and probe increased positive RT but not the slope of the set size function. These and other findings appear to reject models of Classes I and IV and, while implying some direct discrimination of an item's recency, require modification of the models of Classes II and III. The implications are discussed with respect to the relation between the two versions of Sternberg's paradigm and also in connection with facilitatory “priming” effects in memory.     

Visual aids and structured criteria for improving visual inspection and interpretation of single-case designs

Because behavior analysis is a data-driven process, a critical skill for behavior analysts is accurate visual inspection and interpretation of single-case data. Study 1 was a basic study in which we increased the accuracy of visual inspection methods for A-B designs through two refinements of the split-middle (SM) method called the dual-criteria (DC) and conservative dual-criteria (CDC) methods. The accuracy of these visual inspection methods was compared with one another and with two statistical methods (Allison & Gorman, 1993; Gottman, 1981) using a computer-simulated Monte Carlo study. Results indicated that the DC and CDC methods controlled Type I error rates much better than the SM method and had considerably higher power (to detect real treatment effects) than the two statistical methods. In Study 2, brief verbal and written instructions with modeling were used to train 5 staff members to use the DC method, and in Study 3, these training methods were incorporated into a slide presentation and were used to rapidly (i.e., 15 min) train a large group of individuals (N = 87). Interpretation accuracy increased from a baseline mean of 55% to a treatment mean of 94% in Study 2 and from a baseline mean of 71% to a treatment mean of 95% in Study 3. Thus, Study 1 answered basic questions about the accuracy of several methods of interpreting A-B designs; Study 2 showed how that information could be used to increase the accuracy of human visual inspectors; and Study 3 showed how the training procedures from Study 2 could be modified into a format that would facilitate rapid training of large groups of individuals to interpret single-case designs.     

看与思的方式：在意会与言传之间——医学人文困境与反思

一方面,在现象层面,反映的是人对自身生命尚缺乏应有的理解与有效掌控;另一方面,在药物技术的医事背后,反映的是医学的深层社会问题,即：医学关注的与真实生命需要的是否吻合？医学能做的与人希望的是否一致？医学是否需要反思未来走向？