The Word “Time”—Voce “Tempo”

This article looks at the prevalent view of time in the history of Western philosophy and science and then contrasts it with the emerging new vision of time as ontologically constructive. Throughout Western history, philosophers and scientists attempted to marginalize and anesthetize the role of time by prioritizing being over becoming. But beginning with the Darwinian revolution in biology, the West could no longer deny the constructive role of time in bringing forth new ontological orders. While the 20th century witnessed the split between the reversible time of physics and the developmental time of biology, the time has now come for this divide to be reconciled. Twenty-first century science is already revealing the constructive role of time in cosmology with the likelihood of multiple universes. In conclusion, the authors speculate that our moment in human cultural development is ripe for a complex, multidimensional, and transdisciplinary understanding of time.     

Advancement of Criminal Profiling Methods in Faceted Multidimensional Analysis

The current study seeks to advance the faceted multidimensional scaling (termed FMDS) procedure used in much of the investigative psychology research. To this end, recent research on street robbery by Goodwill and colleagues will be utilised to illustrate the effectiveness of a facet scale method for offender profiling. Four FMDS themes of street robbery (Con, Blitz, Confrontation and Snatch) were revealed by the crossing of two underlying axial facets: the offenders' level of violence and interaction with the victim. The facet scale method, utilising offenders' axial facet scores, was compared to previous count, proportional and centroid classification methods in the prediction of offender criminal histories. Utilising logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic analyses, the axial facet scale method was found to significantly outperform the qualitatively based dominant theme classification methods that typically employ angular and radial facets for FMDS interpretation. Implications for the use of axial facet scales within FMDS analysis for offender profiling research are discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Nonparametric Estimation of Item and Respondent Locations from Unfolding-type Items

Unlike their monotone counterparts, nonparametric unfolding response models, which assume the item response function is unimodal, have seen little attention in the psychometric literature. This paper studies the nonparametric behavior of unfolding models by building on the work of Post (1992). The paper provides rigorous justification for a class of nonparametric estimators of respondents’ latent attitudes by proving that the estimators consistently rank order the respondents. The paper also suggests an algorithm for the rank ordering of items along the attitudes scale. Finally, the methods are evaluated using simulated data. This research was supported in part by an Educational Testing Service Gulliksen Fellowship, and by the National Science Foundation, Grant DMS-97.05032. The author would like to thank Brian Junker for his help and support on this paper and Paul Holland, Steve Fienberg, and Jay Kadane for their helpful comments.     

态度测量的新进展:二值概率展开模型及一般形式

态度测量主要应用两种模型:累进型与展开型。目前国内的相关研究主要针对累进型模型。文章在回顾累进型模型的基础上,介绍了当前国际研究最为前沿的一种新的态度测量模型———二值概率展开模型,并详细阐述了该模型的一般数学表达式。     

Mapping the Structure of Human Values through Conceptual Representations

The present research provides the first direct examination of human values through concept categorization tasks that entail judging the meaning of values. Seven studies containing data from nine samples (N = 1086) in two countries (the UK and Brazil) asked participants to compare the meaning of different values found within influential quasi‐circumplex model of values. Different methods were used across experiments, including direct similarity judgment tasks, pile sorting, and spatial arrangement. The results of these diverse conceptual assessments corresponded to spatial configurations that are broadly convergent with Schwartz's model, both between and within participants. © 2018 The Authors. European Journal of Personality published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Association of Personality Psychology     

计算机化多维测验中作答时间和作答精度数据的联合分析

随着心理与教育测量研究的发展和科技的进步,计算机化(大规模)测验逐渐受到人们的关注。为探究在计算机化多维测验中如何利用作答时间数据来辅助评估多维潜在能力,以及为我国义务教育阶段教育质量监测提供数据分析方法上的理论支持。本研究以2012年和2015年国际学生能力评估(PISA)计算机化数学测验数据为例,提出了一种可同时利用作答时间和作答精度数据的联合作答与时间的多维Rasch模型。根据新模型对PISA数据的分析结果,表明引入作答时间数据,不仅有助于提高模型参数的估计精度,还有助于数据分析者利用被试的作答时间信息来做进一步的决策和干预(e.g., 对异常作答行为或预备知识的诊断)。     

双因子模型MCAT中多级评分项目选题策略的比较

双因子模型假设测验考察一个一般因子和多个组因子,符合很多教育和心理测验的因素结构。“维度缩减”方法将参数估计中多维积分计算化简为多个迭代二维积分,是双因子模型的重要特征。本文针对考察多级评分项目的计算机化自适应测验,首先推导双因子等级反应模型下Fisher信息量的计算,然后推导“维度缩减”方法在项目选择方法中的应用,最后在低、中、高双因子模式题库中比较D-优化方法、后验加权Fisher信息D优化方法(PDO)、后验加权Kullback-Leibler方法(PKL)、连续熵(CEM)和互信息(MI)方法在能力估计的相关、均方根误差、绝对值偏差和欧氏距离的表现。模拟研究表明：(1)双因子模式越强,即一般因子和组因子在项目上的区分度的差异越小,一般因子估计精度降低,组因子估计精度增加,整体能力的估计精度提高;(2)相同实验条件下,连续熵方法的测量精度最高,PKL方法的能力估计精度最低,其它方法的测量精度没有显著差异。     

Combining mixture distribution and multidimensional IRTree models for the measurement of extreme response styles

Personality constructs, attitudes and other non-cognitive variables are often measured using rating or Likert-type scales, which does not come without problems. Especially in low-stakes assessments, respondents may produce biased responses due to response styles (RS) that reduce the validity and comparability of the measurement. Detecting and correcting RS is not always straightforward because not all respondents show RS and the ones who do may not do so to the same extent or in the same direction. The present study proposes the combination of a multidimensional IRTree model with a mixture distribution item response theory model and illustrates the application of the approach using data from the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC). This joint approach allows for the differentiation between different latent classes of respondents who show different RS behaviours and respondents who show RS versus respondents who give (largely) unbiased responses. We illustrate the application of the approach by examining extreme RS and show how the resulting latent classes can be further examined using external variables and process data from computer-based assessments to develop a better understanding of response behaviour and RS.     

IRT框架下追踪数据的测量不变性分析——————以4至5岁儿童认知能力测验为例

本研究以4岁~5岁儿童认知能力测验为例,在IRT框架下探讨了如何进行追踪数据的测量不变性分析。分析模型采用项目间多维项目反应理论模型(between-item MIRT model)和项目内（within-item MIRT model）多维two-tier model,被试为来自全国的882名48个月的儿童,工具为自编4岁~5岁儿童认知能力测验。经测验水平 分析和项目水平分析,结果表明：(1)本文对追踪数据的测量不变性分析方法合理有效; (2)该测验在两个时间点上满足部分测量不变性要求,测验的潜在结构稳定; (3)“方位题”的区分度和难度参数都发生变化,另有4题难度参数出现浮动; (4)儿童在4岁~5岁期间认知能力总体呈快速发展趋势,能力增长显著。