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11.
Maggie Gale 《Thinking & reasoning》2013,19(3):294-315
Wason's standard 2-4-6 task requires discovery of a single rule and leads to around 20% solutions, whereas the dual goal (DG) version requires discovery of two rules and elevates solutions to over 60%. We report an experiment that aimed to discriminate between competing accounts of DG facilitation by manipulating the degree of complementarity between the to-be-discovered rules. Results indicated that perfect rule complementarity is not essential for task success, thereby undermining a key tenet of the goal complementarity account of DG facilitation. The triple heterogeneity account received a good degree of support since more varied triple exploration was associated with facilitatory DG conditions, in line with this account's prediction that task success is associated with the creative search of the problem space. The contrast class account (an extension of Oaksford & Chater's, 1994, iterative counterfactual model) was also corroborated in that the generation of descending triples was demonstrated to be the dominant predictor of DG success. We focus our discussion on conceptual ideas relating to the way in which iterative counterfactual testing and contrast class identification may work together to provide a powerful basis for effective hypothesis testing. 相似文献
12.
Evangelia Demerouti Arnold B. Bakker Patricia Voydanoff 《European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology》2013,22(2):128-149
The study examines whether home life influences inrole and extrarole job performance in positive or negative ways. We hypothesized that home resources would have a direct positive effect on job performance, and an indirect relationship through home–work facilitation (HWF). Home demands were predicted to negatively affect job performance through home–work interference (HWI). These hypotheses were tested on a sample of 190 male employees. In addition to employees' self-reports, wives rated their own home demands and resources (these were used as controls), and co-workers rated the men's HWI, HWF, and job performance. Results partially supported the hypotheses. Men's home demands and resources were related to self-rated HWI and HWF respectively, whereas co-worker ratings of HWI and HWF were associated with inrole and extrarole performance respectively. Men's home resources also had a direct relationship with inrole and extrarole performance. There was no convincing evidence that HWI and HWF acted as mediators in these relationships. Taken together, the positive influence of home life on job performance was stronger than the negative one. 相似文献
13.
Shivani P. Patel 《Mental health, religion & culture》2013,16(4):389-401
It is increasingly recognised that work and family roles are interconnected. This is one reason why researchers and practitioners are working to understand and facilitate balance between work and nonwork roles. Most existing literature defines inter-role balance by emphasising work and family roles alone; unfortunately, this narrow focus prevents us from recognising individuals’ engagements in many other roles that may also influence one's balance. The present study expands our thinking about work-family balance by presenting and testing a model that incorporates involvement in a third role, organised religion. Specifically, we examine religious involvement, among Hindus living in the United States (N?=?105), as a predictor of resource gain and loss, and its effect on perceptions of work-family balance. Working within a Conversation of Resources framework, it was then expected that this resource gain/loss would influence coping strategies and perceptions of bi-directional work-family conflict and facilitation (indicators of work-family balance). 相似文献
14.
Cornelia Kranczioch Jeremy D. Thorne 《Advances in cognitive psychology / University of Finance and Management in Warsaw》2013,9(3):130-142
Presenting two targets in a rapid visual stream will frequently result in the
second target (T2) being missed when presented shortly after the first target
(T1). This so-called attentional blink (AB) phenomenon can be
reduced by various experimental manipulations. This study investigated the
effect of combining T2 with a non-specific sound, played either simultaneously
with T2 or preceding T2 by a fixed latency. The reliability of the observed
effects and their correlation with potential predictors were studied. The tone
significantly improved T2 identification rates regardless of tone condition and
of the delay between targets, suggesting that the crossmodal facilitation of T2
identification is not limited to visual-perceptual enhancement. For the
simultaneous condition, an additional time-on-task effect was observed in form
of a reduction of the AB that occurred within an experimental session. Thus,
audition-driven enhancement of visual perception may need some time for its full
potential to evolve. Split-half and test-retest reliability were found
consistently only for a condition without additional sound. AB magnitude
obtained in this condition was related to AB magnitudes obtained in both sound
conditions. Self-reported distractibility and performance in tests of divided
attention and of cognitive flexibility correlated with the AB magnitudes of a
subset but never all conditions under study. Reliability and correlation results
suggest that not only dispositional abilities but also state factors exert an
influence on AB magnitude. These findings extend earlier work on audition-driven
enhancement of target identification in the AB and on the reliability and
behavioural correlates of the AB. 相似文献
15.
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17.
This study examined the effect of emotional stimuli on 3- to 4-year old children's flexible rule use, as measured by the Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS). In Experiment 1, children in two countries (Canada and China) were given 2 versions of the DCCS. The Standard version required children to sort red and blue boats and rabbits first by shape and then by color (or vice versa); the Emotional Faces version required children to sort happy and sad male and female faces first by emotion and then by gender (or vice versa). Children performed significantly better on the Emotional Faces version, and performance on the 2 versions was related. Order in which dimensions were presented had no effect. Experiment 2 examined which aspects of the emotional faces were responsible for the facilitation of children's performance. Performance on the Standard version was compared to performance on three contextual faces versions, in which children were shown happy, sad, or neutral faces and required to sort them by age (child versus adult) and then by gender (or vice versa). Facilitation was only seen in the context of happy faces. Results are consistent with the suggestion that positive stimuli promote cognitive flexibility, perhaps by increasing dopamine levels in prefrontal cortex. 相似文献
18.
Although attentional biases have been demonstrated in individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the cognitive methodologies used have not allowed for disambiguation of two types of attentional biases. It remains unclear if PTSD involves difficulty disengaging attention from threatening stimuli (interference) or facilitated detection. To differentiate between attentional interference and facilitation, 57 male Vietnam-era veterans (30 High PTSD and 27 Low PTSD) completed a visual search task with a lexical decision component. High PTSD veterans who engaged in the interference task first showed increased interference to threat-relevant words relative to Low PTSD veterans. However, no evidence was found for facilitated detection of threatening stimuli in PTSD. 相似文献
19.
Learning about food palatability from watching what conspecifics eat might be one of the advantages of group living. A previous
study investigated whether group members' presence or eating activity account for social facilitation of eating of foods never
previously tasted. Capuchins encountered novel colored foods when (1) alone (Alone condition) or (2) with group members visible
in the nearby cage (Group-present condition) or (3) with group members present and eating a familiar food that had not been
colored (Group+food condition). Social facilitation of eating occurred when group members were eating, despite the difference
in color between the familiar food eaten by them and the novel food presented to the experimental subject. To clarify what
subjects learnt from group members when social facilitation occurred, we further analyze here the data from the previous study.
The number of visual exposures to the colored novel food (as a group member) correlated with increased consumption of that
novel food when encountered later (as experimental subject). In contrast, the number of times that an individual fed on the
familiar food (as a group member) did not decrease its consumption of novel food (as experimental subject). Therefore, capuchins
(1) habituated to the colors of the novel foods, and (2) did not take into account that seeing group members eating a food
does not provide information about the palatability of a differently colored food. Since social facilitation of eating occurs
when foods do not match in color, at least in capuchins, social facilitation of eating should not be considered as a way of
learning about a safe diet, but rather as a way of overcoming neophobia.
Accepted after revision: 18 August 2001
Electronic Publication 相似文献
20.