窗口大小、呈现速度和字号对引导式文本阅读的影响

使用EyeLink2000眼动仪,以30名大学生为被试,采用3（窗口大小：5字、10、15字）×2（呈现速度：300字/分、600字/分）×3（字号：24号、36号、48号）多因素混合设计,考察了窗口大小、呈现速度和字号对引导式文本阅读的影响。结果表明：（1）字号的主效应显著,字号越大,越有利于阅读;（2）呈现速度的主效应显著,慢速更有利于阅读;（3）呈现速度和字号的交互作用显著,慢速和中号、慢速和大号更有利于阅读。     

脑功能成像的新方法——功能性近红外光谱技术（fNIRS）

功能性近红外光谱技术（functional near-infrared spectroscopy, fNIRS）利用血液的主要成分对600-900nm近红外光良好的散射性,从而获得大脑活动时氧合血红蛋白和脱氧血红蛋白的变化情况。目前该技术开始运用于自然情境下的高级认知、发展心理学、异常心理学等多个领域的研究。该技术具有造价较低、便携性好,无噪音、无创性和对实验过程中被试动作不会过份敏感等优点,但也存在空间分辨率不高和校正算法有待进一步完善等方面的不足。未来fNIRS的研究可以与fMRI等其他成像技术进行结合,开展婴幼儿和特殊人群的认知神经科学研究以及自然情境下大脑认知的神经机制研究。     

国内外关于笔记的研究综述

记笔记是学生在听课和阅读时普遍采用的学习策略。本文对近些年来国内外的笔记研究进行了综述,分别从笔记的功能、笔记效果的影响因素、学习障碍学生的笔记研究和基于网络的笔记研究四个方面对以往的笔记研究进行了总结。其中在笔记效果的影响因素方面,又分别从笔记技术、工作记忆、元认知知识以及其他影响因素方面进行了概括总结。另外本文也提出了关于未来研究方向的展望。     

人事选拔决策过程的匹配评价研究: 基于策略捕捉技术

传统的人事选拔是以胜任力或者说是人－职匹配为基础的,即强调基于胜任力,但研究者和实践者们越来越多的强调人－组织匹配在人事选拔中的重要性,即强调人事选拔过程中招募者匹配评价的多维性。本研究通过实验运用策略捕捉技术,检验多种职位特征和不同层次的匹配评价对选拔雇佣结果的影响。通过HLM分析结果发现四种匹配类型需要－供给匹配、要求－能力匹配、个性匹配和价值观匹配对雇佣决策都有显著的独立主效应,招募者在长期招募比短期招募中更多依靠个性匹配来评价应聘者,招募者在对管理类职位更多依靠价值匹配来进行评价,而对专业类职位则更多依靠要求－能力匹配进行评价。     

A shadow concept

The author focuses on the signifi cance of preconscious thinking, and its relationship to what we think of as unconscious fantasies. He reopens Freud's forgotten struggle with preconscious thinking, while he explores preconscious thinking as the basis for thinking about psychoanalytic treatment. This includes our goals in bringing an idea to the analysand's attention, and the role of transitional space where thoughts and feelings can be played with.     

Julie's museum: The evolution of thinking, dreaming and historicization in the treatment of traumatized patients

The author contends that, following Freud, trauma may be viewed as a disruption of the ego's 'protective shield' and that a central factor of this shield is an internalized relationship to a thinking-containing mother. Severe trauma destroy this inner connection, resulting in the reversal of a-function and the establishment of a rigid traumatic organization (ß-screen) that brings coherence to the shattered psyche. However, this is an 'organized chaos' in which concrete forms of thinking predominate. The patient's ability to think, dream and imagine is signifi cantly curtailed and she is consequently locked in a traumatic world from which she is unable to evolve. He offers a detailed case history to illustrate these points and the vital role the analyst's imaginative capacities play in the analysis of such individuals. Finally, he addresses the development of the capacity to represent the trauma, starting with primitive, often somatically encoded experiences, and evolving toward the capacity for historicization.     

外科病理学超越自我发展的思考

病理学是一门以组织形态学研究为基础的学科,经历了二百多年的发展历程。外科病理学作为病理学的重要部分,密切联系临床,以临床需要为方向,在医疗活动中充当着重要的角色,发挥着重要作用。随着免疫组织技术、基因芯片及组织芯片技术、图像分析技术、数字化图像技术、网络技术、流式细胞学技术等出现和应用,外科病理学在医疗活动中的权重日益增加,其中很多内容已远远超出病理形态学本身,向细胞分子,DNA,基因改变方向发展。     

Children's identity matching and oddity: assessing control by specific and general sample-comparison relations.

After children in Experiments 1 and 2 learned identity matching or oddity, control by sample-comparison relations was assessed. Tests for generalized control displayed novel samples and two comparison stimuli, one identical to the sample. Specific relations were tested with identical or nonidentical sample-comparison stimuli from one set of stimuli and substitute comparisons from either the other training set or from a novel set. When tests displayed identical stimuli, patterns of comparison selection suggested control by generalized identity and oddity. However, selection patterns varied when stimuli were nonidentical and familiar or novel substitute comparisons were used. Therefore, control by specific relations is not a precondition for generalized identity and oddity. One set of training stimuli was used in Experiment 3, and generalized performances occurred again. Moreover, control by specific relations was shown by the oddity subjects and 2 of 6 identity subjects. Generalized and specific control may therefore exist simultaneously. In Experiment 4, selections were irregular on tests displaying substitute comparisons and samples and familiar comparison stimuli; this finding supported the relational account of specific sample-comparison control found in Experiment 3.     

SELF-ADMINISTERED WRITTEN PROMPTS TO TEACH HOME ACCIDENT PREVENTION SKILLS TO ADULTS WITH BRAIN INJURIES

This study evaluated the use of written checklists and task analyses as self-administered prompts to teach home accident prevention skills to 4 adults with brain injuries. Subsequent to baseline, participants used written checklists that identified potential in-home hazards but did not prompt behaviors necessary for hazard remediation. Written individualized task analyses, incorporating specific behavioral steps for correcting hazards that participants had failed to remediate during the checklist phase, were used to prompt appropriate responding when necessary. These were subsequently faded to transfer stimulus control to the natural conditions. A multiple probe technique across participants and settings was used. Results indicated that the checklist alone was sufficient to increase appropriate responses to many of the potential hazards. Individualized task analyses, when needed, resulted in appropriate remediation of all potential hazards. Generalization to untrained potential hazards occurred to some degree for all participants. Follow-up results showed that most skills trained were maintained over a 1-month period.