Animus and creativity in psychotherapy: a position statement

Calling attention to what the author calls the 'maternalization of our profession', a warning is sounded to psychotherapists, and women practitioners in particular, not to neglect their own creativity in the course of professional development undertaken to take better care of patients. Development of the animus, here reformulated as 'an archetype of the capacity for non-relationship', is seen as a balancing alternative to the usual training in the capacity to contain object relations. A literary parallel can be found in Ibsen's play, The Woman from the Sea. It is hoped, too, that through her own initiation into a creative life, the analyst will be better able to help the analysand find a connection with a 'creative centre'.     

七情半结构投射试验的设计与验证

基于心理学本土化的立意 ,借鉴投射试验的方法 ,对传统“七情”概念进行分析 ,建立图形 -词汇半结构情感试验。图形为具有不同程度抽象涵义的中国画 ,每一图附加 8类形容词以定性和定量分析结果。验证表明 :情感的频数分布为 :中 2 6%、喜 2 2 %、思 1 9%、惊 9%、忧 8%、怒 6%、恐 5 %和悲 5 %。复测信度、分半信度 ,同时效度均较好。聚类分析将情感因素归为负性情感与偏正性情感两大类。因素分析得出两类公共因子 :焦虑与抑郁。     

The marked item technique: a practical procedure for litter control

Unobtrusively marked items of litter were placed among existing trash on the grounds of a federal youth correctional facility. Inmates voluntarily collected trash and deposited it at a central location, where they were given money or special privileges for each piece of marked litter found. A multiple-baseline design with litter counts in three areas revealed successive reductions of 55%, 88%, and 71% after 17, 22, and 36 days of baseline, respectively. A fourth area served as a baseline-only control, and revealed no systematic changes. Advantages of the procedure over previously devised techniques were discussed and applications in other areas of pollution control suggested.     

无关工作记忆表征的负性情绪信息能否捕获视觉注意?一项眼动研究

研究通过分析视觉搜索任务的首次注视点和行为反应时, 探讨无关工作记忆表征的负性情绪信息对视觉注意选择的影响。实验1发现在反映早期注意选择的首次注视点百分率指标上, 不管工作记忆表征的情绪效价如何, 均出现了显著的注意捕获效应; 实验2发现当采用中性情绪靶子刺激时, 首次注视点百分率指标上仍表现出了稳健的注意捕获效应; 在首次注视点持续时间指标上, 实验1和实验2均发现记忆匹配条件的干扰刺激显著小于控制条件的干扰刺激, 表现出注意的快速脱离; 而在行为反应时指标上, 早期的注意捕获效应消失(实验1), 甚至被反转为注意抑制效应(实验2)。这些结果表明在早期注意选择阶段, 记忆驱动的注意捕获效应不受工作记忆表征情绪效价的影响, 但认知控制会在早期注意捕获之后促使注意快速脱离记忆匹配的干扰刺激, 其作用效果受靶子刺激情绪效价的调节。     

不同提示方式的多元图形视觉显示工效学研究

以图形作为实验材料,感觉辨别力和元素权重为实验指标,高可靠性图形的提示方式(没有提示、颜色、亮度、闪烁)为自变量．本文研究了不同提示方式对被试决策绩效的影响,确定图形显示时较优的提示方式。研究结果表明提示能够显著提高被试的决策绩效,在颜色、亮度、闪烁三种提示方式中,较优的提示方式是闪烁。     

The dynamics of coordinated reaching and grasping: Scanning prehension properly

Prehension is the act of coordinated reaching and grasping. S.A. Wallace, E. Stevenson, A. Spear, D.L. Weeks [Hum. Movement Sci. 13 (1994) 255–289] proposed to assess the stability of this coordination by scanning the dynamics of prehension. The scanning method proposed by these authors prompted participants to position their peak hand aperture at different locations along the trajectory. Comparing the actual performance with the required performance, Wallace and colleagues concluded that there was a single stable pattern of coordination, albeit different for each individual. Here, we show that the method developed by Wallace et al. (1994, loc. cit.), and later used by C. Button, S. Bennett, K. Davids [Hum. Movement Sci. 17 (1998) 801–820] was flawed. We propose two potential fixes to the method and report a replication of the original experiment. Interpretation of the data with a corrected scanning technique showed that the method does not seem to be able to result in an unambiguous and precise assessment of the locus of stability.     

Technique and final cause in psychoanalysis: Four ways of looking at one moment

This paper argues that if one considers just a single clinical moment there may be no principled way to choose among different approaches to psychoanalytic technique. One must in addition take into account what Aristotle called the final cause of psychoanalysis, which this paper argues is freedom. However, freedom is itself an open‐ended concept with many aspects that need to be explored and developed from a psychoanalytic perspective. This paper considers one analytic moment from the perspectives of the techniques of Paul Gray, Hans Loewald, the contemporary Kleinians and Jacques Lacan. It argues that, if we are to evaluate these techniques, we must take into account the different conceptions of freedom they are trying to facilitate.     

Development of the letter identity span in reading: evidence from the eye movement moving window paradigm

By means of the moving window paradigm, we examined how many letters can be identified during a single eye fixation and whether this letter identity span changes as a function of reading skill. The results revealed that 8-year-old Finnish readers identify approximately 5 characters, 10-year-old readers identify approximately 7 characters, and 12-year-old and adult readers identify approximately 9 characters to the right of fixation. Comparison with earlier studies revealed that the letter identity span is smaller than the span for identifying letter features and that it is as wide in Finnish as in English. Furthermore, the letter identity span of faster readers of each age group was larger than that of slower readers, indicating that slower readers, unlike faster readers, allocate most of their processing resources to foveally fixated words. Finally, slower second graders were largely not disrupted by smaller windows, suggesting that their word decoding skill is not yet fully automatized.     

非预想刺激的运动速率对无意视盲的影响

无意视盲是指由于对某些事物的专注而导致的眼前对象被忽视的现象。它受到诸如非预想刺激的位置、大小、颜色; 非预想刺激与注意刺激之间的关系; 被试的年龄、专业知识、加工能力等诸多因素的影响。本文通过改进的MR范式考察了“等时”和“等距”条件下非预想刺激的运动速率对无意视盲的影响。实验结果显示: (1)非预想刺激的运动速率和其呈现时间对无意视盲的比率有显著影响; (2)在一定的呈现时间范围内, 视盲率随运动速率的升高而降低, 但当维持相等的运动距离时, 视盲率没有显著变化; (3)当呈现时间超出一定范围时, 运动速率对无意视盲的影响急剧减小, 即呈现时间制约着运动速率对无意视盲的影响, 两者间呈倒U型曲线关系。文末就实验结果进行了详细分析和讨论。