表象建构中的眼动机制

表象与知觉的关系一直是空间认知领域关注的热点问题,眼动轨迹的相似性是表象与知觉认知过程相关性的重要外显形式。本文结合实证研究,从信息加工的角度系统分析知觉眼动和表象眼动的差异性,深入探讨表象建构中的眼动机制,有力地支持了表象眼动的机能性作用。最后对未来表象眼动的研究加以展望。     

青少年预期推理的眼动实验研究

本研究采用2(工作记忆容量:高、低)×2(语境:高预期性、低预期性)×2(靶词:一致性、不一致性)×3(年级:初中二年级、高中二年级、大学二年级)的实验设计,每个年级由高、低容量工作记忆各10人组成。用眼动仪探讨在阅读高预期材料时预期推理产生的心理机制。结果发现:(1)在阅读过程中,预期推理是延时产生的,结果支持建构主义理论;(2)在阅读过程中,被试的工作记忆容量越高,他们产生预期推理的可能性也就越大;(3)在阅读过程中,预期推理的产生有一个发展过程,具体为初中阶段还处于发展的状态,并一直延续到高中阶段,高中阶段之后预期推理能力的发展已经趋于平缓。     

平面香水广告版面设计的眼动研究

本研究以EyeLinkⅡ型眼动仪探讨被试在观看香水广告时的眼动特征。实验设计为4(香水瓶位置:左上角、右上角、左下角、右下角)×3(背景图案:人物、广告词、风景)×2(兴趣区:香水、背景)的被试内设计。结果发现:(1)当香水瓶位于广告的下半部分时能够吸引消费者更多的注意;(2)当以人物为背景图案时,被试对位于广告左下角的香水瓶的注意更多;当以广告词为背景图案时,被试对位于广告的左上角的香水瓶的注意更多;(3)被试对香水广告版面设计时背景图案为风景的香水广告的喜爱甚于人物(名人或模特)和广告词。     

家庭暴力的社会认知心理机制及其防范策略的研究

家庭暴力已成为一个世界性的社会问题,然而我国学者对家庭暴力的研究多集中在现象的描述,原因的探讨和完善立法等方面,因而从社会心理学角度探究家庭暴力的认知机制对揭示家庭暴力的实质具有重要意义。心理学研究指出家庭暴力的产生及其对子女的影响而导致的暴力轮回都是认知结构上的偏差所导致,所以从改变认知结构入手的认知行为疗法将是防止家庭暴力的直接和有效的策略。     

Gender and priming differences in speed of processing of information relating to social structure

Previous research has shown that women and men’s different interactional contexts result in selective differences in retention of information (e.g., Gabriel & Gardner, 1999). This study tested the hypothesis that there should be broad gender-related differences in latencies of retrieval of information focused on groups or dyads, with women processing the latter more rapidly, and men processing the former more rapidly. Participants were given a diary reading task with explicit recall instructions. Results showed that although no difference was found in overall retention of items, women responded more rapidly to items referring to dyads, while men responded more rapidly to items referring to groups. In addition, a strong effect of the gender of the protagonist of the diary was found. Participants of both gender responded more rapidly to dyadic items when the protagonist was female but responded more rapidly to group items when the protagonist was male. These results indicate that gender differences in social structure result in differences in encoding and retrieval of broad classes of information that are not accountable for by selective retention.     

汉语阅读中先行词词频对代词加工影响的眼动研究

采用眼动分析法考察先行词词频对代词加工的影响。结果表明,先行词的词频对其代词加工的难易没有影响,即当先行词为高频词时对代词后区域的阅读时间与低频条件没有差异。研究结果支持了代词加工的词条重新通达假说,该理论认为读者在加工代词时只需通达先行词的部分词汇信息。     

Life satisfaction in teenage boys: The moderating role of father involvement and bullying

It has been suggested that bullying at school and low social support are related to relatively poor mental health in schoolchildren. Based on data from 1344 adolescent boys aged 13–19 years in Britain, this study explored whether father involvement, as an underestimated—in the related research—source of social support, can protect against low levels of satisfaction with life. Multiple regression analysis showed that low father involvement and peer victimization contributed significantly and independently to low levels of life satisfaction in adolescent boys. There was also evidence relating to a buffering effect of father involvement in that father involvement protected children from extreme victimization. Aggr. Behav. 28:126–133, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed:
George E. Marcus, W. Russell Newman, and Michael MacKuen, Affective Intelligence and Political Judgment
Micha Popper, Hypnotic Leadership:Leaders, Followers, and the Loss of Self
James W. Davis, Jr., Threats and Promises: The Pursuit of International Influence
Mark R. Warren, Dry Bones Rattling: Community Building to Revitalize American Democracy
Tali Mendelberg, The Race Card: Campaign Strategy, Implicit Messages, and the Norm of Equality     

Structural and functional equivalence of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire within and between countries

The question was examined as to whether scores at the individual level and scores at the country level on the four scales of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) have the same psychological meaning. Using data of 24 countries, it was found that the EPQ has different factorial structures at both levels. Both the Lie scale and the Psychoticism scale were shown to jeopardize cross-level equivalence. For further exploration of the meaning of the EPQ scales within countries and between countries country-level correlations were calculated with a variety of country characteristics such as Gross National Product, political indices, religiosity, Hofstede's measures, and subjective well-being. Significant findings for 38 countries included correlations of the EPQ scales with Hofstede's Masculinity, Diener's Subjective Well-Being, religiosity, the number of deaths in a country due to political violence, and bribery. The most striking finding was a substantial negative correlation of the Lie scale with Gross National Product and other wealth-related indices.