The analyst and analysand as citizens in the world

Beginning with Jung's reflections on individuation as a starting point, this article examines the analytic relationship in the context of our current reality. The latter exerts pressures of all sorts that do not favour individuation. Indeed, geopolitical commentators see present‐day society as marked globally by excessive self‐love that seeks to dominate, at the expense of the other. Given that such forms of dominance are now also very prevalent in the workplace, this article examines how to help the increasing number of individuals with highly successful professional careers who suffer from this pressure and who then seek analysis. ‘Progressive movement’, an indicator of and incentive to change, is examined by studying the narrative processes emerging from dream activity ‐ including dreaming with the hands in the sand tray ‐ in the co‐transference. The article highlights how ‘progressive movement’, founded on narrative Competence and on the reflective function, may generate experiences of ‘realistic hope’. The latter signals the start of an individuation process in the analytic couple and, simultaneously, the transformation of both the analyst and the analysand into good enough ‘citizens in the world’.     

Cathodal tDCS of the Left Posterior Parietal Cortex Increases Proprioceptive Drift

In aiming movements the limb position drifts away from the defined target after some trials without visual feedback, a phenomenon defined as proprioceptive drift (PD). There are no studies investigating the association between the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) and PD in aiming movements. Therefore, cathodal and sham transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) were applied to the left PPC concomitantly with the performance of movements with or without vision. Cathodal tDCS applied without vision produced a higher level of PD and higher rates of drift accumulation while it decreased peak velocity and maintained the number of error corrections, not affecting movement amplitude. The proprioceptive information seems to produce an effective reference to movement, but with PPC stimulation it causes a negative impact on position.     

Reach/Grasp Times with Lateral Reach Obstructions

When moving to grasp an object having adjacent obstacles that limit the space available for placing the fingers, the time for the reach/grasp is dependent on the distance of reaching and the space available for finger placement. Here we model the time taken in terms of these variables and develop mathematical models for the reach and grasp phases of the task and the location of obstacles. Data show that the movement to the target may be made under visual control and that, when the obstacles are close to the target object, a visually-controlled movement is made that is modeled by a modified form of Fitts' law. The time for the two components of the reach/grasp appear to be independent and linearly additive.     

不同词长中文句子阅读知觉广度的年老化:眼动证据

采用移动窗口范式分别探测单字词句、双字词句和混合句子阅读知觉广度的年老化模式。单字词句是完全由单字词组成的句子,双字词句是完全由双字词组成的句子,混合句的所有词由1~4个汉字组成,这些词汇的平均词长为1.5个字。结果发现：（1）老年读者在各种词长句子上的阅读知觉广度范围均是从注视字至其右侧2个汉字;（2）青年读者在各种词长句子上的阅读知觉广度为注视点左侧1个汉字到右侧3个汉字空间。由此可见,年老化促使中文读者的阅读知觉广度变小,变得更加不对称;且句子构成词汇的词长并不调节中文阅读知觉广度的年老化。     

The story of an ambivalent relationship: Sigmund Freud and Eugen Bleuler

This paper examines the short-lived flirtation between psychoanalysis and academia and psychiatry in Europe and the reasons for, and consequences of, the fact that their paths diverged. It is argued that Bleuler's break with the psychoanalytic movement is a crucial and, until now, largely underestimated turning point. Bleuler's separation from the psychoanalytic movement was probably more important for the course it has since taken than those of Adler, Stekel, or even Jung. Bleuler's analysis by correspondence by Freud, and its failure, was of paramount importance for the future relationship between Freud and Bleuler, and for Bleuler's assessment of psychoanalysis.     

阅读理解中汉语量词的眼动特点分析

采用眼动记录技术探讨被试阅读不同汉语量词的即时加工过程。考查名量词和动量词,以及名量词内部的差异。结果发现:(1)被试在阅读理解过程中对名量词和动量词的眼动特点存在显著差异,名量词获得更多的加工;(2)被试在阅读理解过程中对不同名量词的眼动特点也存在显著差异,个体量词比集合量词和临时量词获得更少的加工。由此可知,不同量词在阅读理解中的信息加工难度是不同的,对于篇章理解而言,其信息含量和信息的重要性也是不同的。     

动态文本最优化呈现的眼动研究

采用2（呈现方式：平滑滚动引导式、RSVP）×5（呈现速度：120、240、360、480、600字/分）×3（窗口大小：5、10、15字）的多因素混合实验设计,运用EyelinkⅡ眼动仪对汉语动态文本阅读过程进行研究。结果发现,呈现速度较快（≥360字/分）时,与RSVP条件相比,被试在平滑滚动引导式条件下的平均注视时间短、注视次数多、眼跳距离小,阅读理解率高,且被试更偏爱此种呈现方式;呈现速度较慢（≤240字/分）时,两种呈现方式在平均注视时间和注视次数上没有差异。在平滑滚动引导式下,被试在三种窗口大小中各项指标上没有差异;在RSVP条件下,与5字窗口相比,大窗口（10字或15字）条件下平均注视时间更短。     

移动窗口条件下不同工作记忆者阅读差异的眼动研究

采用EyelinkⅡ眼动仪为工具,考察在移动窗口条件下不同工作记忆容量读者的阅读差异。实验为5（窗口大小：1个字、3个字、5个字、7个字、4×25个字）×2（工作记忆容量：高、低）混合设计。结果表明：随着窗口大小的增加,阅读时间、注视次数、眼跳次数显著减少,阅读速度显著加快,眼跳幅度显著增加。与低工作记忆容量被试相比,高工作记忆容量被试能够更好地整合文章信息,进行更有效的阅读。     

汉语阅读的眼动研究

文章从汉语的字词、句子、语篇和不同文体文章的阅读等方面系统回顾和总结了国内外相关的眼动研究,同时对这个领域的研究现状和发展趋势进行了简要的评述与展望。     

表征与认知发展

One of the major divergences between dynamical systems theory and symbolism lies in their views on the role of representation in cognition. From the perspective of development, the cognitive development could be divided into three levels: sensorimotor, imagery representation and linguistic representation. It is claimed that representation is not a sufficient condition though it is necessary for cognition. However, it does not mean that the authors agree with the notion of strong coupling in dynamicism that completely rejects representation. Translated by Wang Xiaolu, Xiao Jiayan and Li Hengwei from Zhongguo Shehui Kexue 中国社会科学 (Social Sciences in China), 2006, (2): 34–44