情绪的自动加工与控制加工

由于人类注意资源有限,对相关刺激的加工经常以抑制对其它刺激的加工为代价。大量的研究表明,情绪的加工是注意加工过程的一个特例。通常认为情绪信息的加工是自动的,不需要注意资源的调节。但最近的研究结果倾向于支持对立的观点,即情绪信息的加工需要注意的控制。该文结合认知神经科学研究证据,对情绪的自动加工的观点提出质疑。主要的证据来自对情绪的皮层和皮层下通路的研究以及对盲视病人的研究。     

时间间隔和情绪效价对双字词重复启动效应的影响

已有研究大多以中性刺激为材料,尚缺乏同时关注预存知识表征和情绪效价对重复启动效应影响及时间间隔对情绪材料相应效应调节机制的探究。本研究以国际情绪词库翻译而成的汉语双字词为材料并控制其效价,旨在探讨时间间隔对不同情绪效价词的重复启动效应的影响,并与转置词的结果相比较。结果显示,转置词较标准词的重复启动效应更强;立即重复较长间隔条件的重复启动效应更强;情绪效价与时间间隔交互影响词的重复启动效应。上述结果表明,情绪效价对重复启动效应的影响受时间间隔调节且支持注意资源缩减理论;该作用为材料是否具有预存知识表征所调节,支持自下而上加工的观点。     

Barriers to Learning Motivational Interviewing: A Survey of Motivational Interviewing Trainers' Perceptions

Trainers reported that motivational interviewing (MI)–inconsistent behaviors were frequently perceived during training and believed to create barriers to learning. More barriers were perceived in corrections than in mental health training audiences. Strategies to facilitate unlearning MI‐inconsistent behaviors may accelerate acquisition of MI.     

Disentangling the effects of choice and intensity on affective response to and preference for self-selected- versus imposed-intensity physical activity

ObjectiveTo examine the independent effects of physical activity (PA) intensity and choice of PA intensity when comparing affective response to and relative preference for self-selected-intensity versus imposed higher intensity PA.DesignWithin-subjects experiment.MethodsTwenty-nine healthy, low-active women completed four PA bouts over two sessions. The first session consisted of a one-third mile self-selected-intensity treadmill walk during which the speed was recorded, but was not visible to the participants. The second session consisted of three, counterbalanced, one-third mile treadmill conditions: (a) self-selected intensity, (b) same intensity as recorded for the first-session-self-selected-intensity walk, but with the intensity imposed by the experimenter (i.e., yoked-self-selected intensity), and (c) intensity set at 20% higher than the first-session-self-selected-intensity walk (imposed higher intensity). Acute affective valence (pleasure/displeasure) was recorded prior to, during, and following each walking bout. Preference for each walking intensity was assessed using a behavioral-choice paradigm.ResultsContrary to hypotheses, there was no effect of condition on acute affective valence. However, consistent with hypotheses, there was a linear trend, F(1, 22) = 11.00, p = .003, indicating preference in descending order from self-selected-intensity to yoked-self-selected-intensity to imposed higher intensity PA.ConclusionsBoth choice over the intensity and a lower intensity per se contributed to greater preference for self-selected-intensity over imposed higher intensity PA among healthy low-active women; however, there was no evidence to support the notion that affective response to PA mediated this relationship.     

Independent effects of emotion and attention on sensory and affective pain perception

The present study investigated whether attention and emotion independently influence sensory and affective pain ratings. Fifty-four (27 female) participants rated sensory and affective pain in response to painful mechanic pressure stimulation while exposed to positive, neutral and negative slides from the International Affective Picture System. In doing so, participants were assigned to one of three groups, which focused attention either on the pictures or on the sensory or on the affective aspects of the pressure stimulation. Consistent with the motivational priming hypothesis, sensory and affective pain ratings were generally lower during exposure to positive compared to negative and neutral slides. In line with our assumptions, attention modulated sensory pain ratings with lowest ratings in the picture focusing group and highest in the affective pain focusing group. No attention effect for affective pain ratings and no interactions between emotional and attentional effects on pain perception were found.     

Semantic and affective manifestations of ambi (valence)

ABSTRACT

People sometimes report both pleasant and unpleasant feelings when presented with affective stimuli. However, what is reported as “mixed emotions” might reflect semantic knowledge about the stimulus (Russell, J. A. (2017). Mixed emotions viewed from the psychological constructionist perspective. Emotion Review, 9(2), 111–117). The following research examines to what degree self-reported mixed emotions represent actual feelings compared to knowledge about the stimulus. In a series of three experiments, participants reported either their feelings or their knowledge in response to affective stimuli. In Experiment 1, we sampled the entire IAPS pictorial space and examined the proportion of mixed emotion ratings using feelings-focused and knowledge-focused self-reports. We found a higher degree of mixed emotions under knowledge-focused than feelings-focused self-reports. In Experiment 2, we used a priori selected pictures to elicit mixed emotions. The proportion of mixed emotions was again higher under knowledge-focused instructions. In Experiment 3, we used movie clips that were previously used to elicit mixed emotions. In contrast to Experiments 1 and 2, there was no difference between feelings-focused and knowledge-focused self-reports. The results suggest a strong semantic component and a weak experiential component of self-reports in the case of pictorial stimuli. However, ambivalent movie clips elicited a stronger experiential component, thus supporting the existence of mixed emotions at the level of feelings.     

The impact of valence framing on response expectancies of side effects and subsequent experiences: a randomised controlled trial

Abstract

Objective: Pre-treatment side effect expectancies often influence subsequent experiences; however, expectancy-based reduction strategies are lacking. We explored whether framing information about adverse responses (in positive or negative formats) altered expectancies and experiences of a cold pressor task. We further investigated associations between expectancies and experiences, to inform potential interventions.

Design: Healthy volunteers (N?=?134), randomised to receive positively- or negatively-framed pre-cold pressor task information, self-rated 12 expectancies for cold pressor experiences, emotional state and coping style.

Main Outcome Measures: Self-reports of the same 12-experiences (recorded during and after the experiment) were assessed.

Results: Framing had minimal impact on expectancies and experiences; however, discomfort threshold (p?=?.08, d?=?0.22) showed a trend in the expected direction. Hierarchical regressions revealed expectancies uniquely, significantly predicted 6–23% of the variance for 11 subsequent experiences. Following a popular charity event (Ice Bucket Challenge), all participants showed higher ‘discomfort thresholds’ (p?=?.001, d?=?0.59), and those in the negative frame reported more overall ‘discomfort’ (p?=?.01, d?=?0.60) than participants in the positive condition.

Conclusion: Expectancies uniquely influenced subsequent cold pressor experiences. Framing had minimal impact in this ‘analogue’ medical setting, only influencing ‘discomfort threshold’. ‘Discomfort threshold’ and overall ‘discomfort’ were also impacted by a social media challenge, highlighting a potential area for intervention.     

主观时间流逝速度调节情绪效价的特异性

本研究在中国情绪图片系统中随机选取200张情绪图片,并在不同的主观时间流逝速度下,对其进行效价和唤醒度评分,探讨主观时间流逝速度对不同的情绪维度(效价和唤醒度)以及情绪的不同水平的调节效应是否一致。研究结果表明,主观时间流逝速度增加时,人们对中性和正性情绪图片的评价更加积极,但主观时间流逝速度不能调节人们对负性情绪图片的评价,也不能调节人们的唤醒水平。结果提示"时间飞逝时,我更快乐"效应具有效价特异性。