任务维度和任务无关维度干扰信息的同质性影响视觉搜索的神经机制

在三个实验中, 我们利用功能性磁共振成像(functional magnetic resonance imaging, fMRI)技术考察了在简单特征搜索任务和客体内联合搜索任务中任务维度干扰项的同质性(或称一致性, homogeneity)和任务无关维度干扰信息的同质性对视觉搜索行为的影响及其神经机制。主要探讨了三个问题：(1) 任务维度干扰信息的同质性与目标存在性之间交互作用的神经机制; (2) 任务维度干扰信息的同质性与任务无关维度干扰信息的同质性之间的交互作用及其神经机制; (3) 上述神经机制在不同类型的视觉搜索(特征搜索和联合搜索)中的异同。     

群体性事件集群行为的动员与组织机制

群体性事件指部分群众与当地党政部门或强势社会集团的对抗性冲突。是当下我国典型的集群行为。社会心理学对集群行为动员机制的研究主要包括群体相对剥夺、群体认同、群体(愤怒)情绪和群体效能; 对集群行为组织机制的研究主要包括速生规范、谣言和去个体化。其中, 群体愤怒和群体效能既属于动员机制, 同时又在组织机制中发挥作用。这些因素之间有待于进一步整合, 以期对现阶段我国社会频发的群体性事件的心理因素进行解释和探讨。     

Internalism and the Origin of Rational Motivation

What makes a subject's motivationrational is its originating in her practicalreasoning. I explain the appeal of this thesisabout rational motivation, and explore itsrelation to recent discussions of internalismabout reasons for action. I do so in theservice of clarifying an important meta-ethicaldebate between Humean motivational skeptics andtheir Kantian opponents. This debate is oneover whether, as this skeptic contends andKantians deny, considerations about ourmotivational capacities, together withinternalism, restrict genuine reasons foraction to merely instrumental ones. I arguethat properly adjudicating this debate requiresidentifying one particular way in which thethesis about rational motivation has beendeveloped – namely, as a part of what I term``the traditional conception' of themotivational efficacy of practical reason. Onthis conception, rational motivation consistsin choosing some course of conduct out of one'scognitive appreciation of the way its relationto one's practicable good gives one reason todo so. And I side with Kantians against theHumean motivational skeptic in part on groundsthat Kant himself – though not all Kantians –would find congenial: namely, that we shouldaccept the traditional conception.     

Dream actors in the theatre of memory: Their role in the psychoanalytic process2

The author notes that neuropsychological research has discovered the existence of two long‐term memory systems, namely declarative or explicit memory, which is conscious and autobiographical, and non‐declarative or implicit memory, which is neither conscious nor verbalisable. It is suggested that pre‐verbal and pre‐symbolic experience in the child's primary relations is stored in implicit memory, where it constitutes an unconscious nucleus of the self which is not repressed and which influences the person's affective, emotional, cognitive and sexual life even as an adult. In the analytic relationship this unconscious part can emerge essentially through certain modes of communication (tone of voice, rhythm and prosody of the voice, and structure and tempo of speech), which could be called the ‘musical dimension’ of the transference, and through dream representations. Besides work on the transference, the critical component of the therapeutic action of psychoanalysis is stated to consist in work on dreams as pictographic and symbolic representations of implicit pre‐symbolic and pre‐verbal experiences. A case history is presented in which dream interpretation allowed some of a patient's early unconscious, non‐repressed experiences to be emotionally reconstructed and made thinkable even though they were not actually remembered.     

Leave No Poor Behind:

Globalization is being celebrated in many circles as a distinctive achievement of our age, drawing peoples and societies more closely together and creating far greater wealth than any previous generations ever knew. While the first of these assertions is correct in the sense that societies and cultures are colliding, hitherto relatively closed horizons are opening up, and spaces and time are compressing, the second deserves critical interrogations. Using Africa's experience with globalization as a case study, this article argues that globalization be understood as an emerging preference for certain institutional and policy practices that are creating and coercively imposing pervasive but avoidable conditions of material deprivations on many societies. The article defends a motivational rationale anchored in the normative vision of socio‐economic and development rights as a way to mitigate the deleterious effects of unguarded globalization.     

论人格特质“大七”因素模型

概要介绍和评价了人格特质“大七”因素模型。该模型继承了传统特质分类研究中的“词汇假设”思想和因素分析方法．并在选词标准及方法的客观性上有所改进和提高．在“大五”基础上增加了两个评价维度。文章指出“大七”存在一些问题。     

跟踪操作业绩与人格特征的关系

本研究发现,跟踪作业的业绩与允许误差值之间有某种规律性的关系。因此,跟踪任务的操纵器设计应考虑最佳宽容度。本文还探讨了不同人格维度与跟踪作业业绩之间的关系。就单个人格维度而言,内倾者的跟踪作业业绩优于外倾者;较高精神质者优于较低精神质者。在神经质维度上表现出高神经质者作业业绩好于低神经质者的倾向。     

Motivational interviewing for employment: An exploration of practitioner skill and client change talk

Motivational interviewing (MI) is an evidenced-based approach for building and strengthening motivation for change. The effect of MI training on practitioner conversations with unemployed clients within a government work and income service was evaluated using a mixed-method approach, comprising a multiple-baseline across practitioner (n = 5) design and a pre/post quasi-experimental design. After workshop MI training, practitioners demonstrated greater MI skills in conversations with clients, and MI skills were maintained during the period of post-workshop feedback and coaching. There was also more change talk spoken by clients in conversations that occurred post-MI workshop training compared to pre-training, suggesting increased motivation for change.     

Ernest Dichter's fur coat models: Fashioning a therapeutic culture

Discussions of the rise of therapeutic culture have tended toward the abstract, in part due to a focus on theory. This article looks at the case of Ernest Dichter's motivational research, particularly a study conducted on fur coats in the late 1950s, to locate this broader cultural shift more materially. Motivational research was a broad project of study that aimed to uncover unconscious consumer desires using the tools of psychology and psychoanalysis. This project materialized culture first through the pen-and-paper projective test created for the study, which sorted styles of fur into different classifications of womanhood, and second through the fur coats themselves, which were granted by Dichter a psychological agency of their own in their relationship with middle-class women. Through this study, Dichter observed a shift in Americans' understanding of the self, a movement away from meeting physiological needs to addressing their inner lives; changing economic conditions had granted more income and free time with which to look inward, and Americans wanted consumer goods to aid in such self-discovery. Dichter suggested that the fur industry capitalize on this change by emphasizing the versatility of fur and the role of objects more generally in fostering creative self-expression. The advertising office was where theory was put into practice. In that way, it is a uniquely generative though often overlooked space from which to look into the rise of the therapeutic culture.