靶线索与意向关联性对事件性前瞻记忆的影响

采用基于双重任务的研究范式,操纵线索与意向的关联性、分心水平以及线索区别性,考察了前瞻记忆的前瞻成分和回溯成分在基于事件的前瞻记忆中的作用。结果表明：（1）靶线索与意向关联性对前瞻记忆的回溯成分有显著影响,靶线索与意向高关联时,意向提取过程符合自动加工;靶线索与意向低关联时,意向提取过程符合策略加工。（2）靶线索的区别性对前瞻记忆的前瞻成分有显著影响,靶线索区别性特征显著提高对线索的识别水平,符合自动加工,当靶线索特征不显著时需要策略加工。     

Perceived motivational climate and unit cohesion: The case of French soldiers in training

Using a correlational design, this exploratory research investigates the relationships between soldiers’ perceptions of the motivational climate created by platoon leaders and unit cohesion in a French military sample. Conducted among 257 soldiers, the findings indicate that new recruits perceive motivational climate as significantly more task- than ego-involved. Moreover, multiple regressions show that a task-involving motivational climate predicts higher measures of cohesion than does an ego-involving motivational climate. Implications for the professionalization of military forces and exercising command in training are discussed.     

Classification of gait muscle activation patterns according to knee injury history using a support vector machine approach

Abnormal muscle activation patterns during gait following knee injury that persist past the acute injury and rehabilitation phase (>three years) are not well characterized but may be related to post-traumatic knee osteoarthritis. The aim was to characterize the abnormal muscle activity from electromyograms of five leg muscles that were recorded during treadmill walking for young adults with and without a previous knee injury 3–12 years prior. The wavelet transformed and amplitude normalized electromyograms yielded intensity patterns that reflect the muscle activity of these muscles resolved in time and frequency. Patterns belonging to the affected or unaffected leg in previously injured participants and patterns belonging to a previously injured vs. uninjured participant were grouped and then classified using a principal component analysis followed by a support vector machine. A leave-one-out cross-validation was used to test the model significance and generalization. The results showed that trained classifiers could successfully recognize whether muscle activation patterns belonged to the affected or unaffected leg of previously injured individuals. Classification rates of 83% were obtained for all subjects, 100% for females only, indicating sex-specific knee injury effects. In contrast, it was not possible to discriminate between patterns belonging to the previously injured legs or dominant legs of control subjects. For females, the injured leg showed a stronger muscle activity for hamstring muscles and a lower activity for the vastus lateralis. In conclusion, systematic knee injury effects on the neuromuscular control of the knee during gait were present 3–12 years later.     

决策中后悔的ERP研究

采用运气轮博弈范式探讨后悔的加工时程。分析决策正误的ERPs发现,200～300ms决策错误比正确诱发更为负走向的波,表现为典型的FRN（feedback-related negativity, FRN）;300～400ms决策正确比错误诱发更大的P300。500～900ms决策正确比错误诱发更大的LPC（late positive component, LPC）,并表现出明显的右半球优势效应。上述结果支持了FRN加工反馈刺激显著性信息和P300加工反馈刺激效价的观点,研究发现后悔与LPC可能具有密切关联。将来研究须在控制得失程度基础上,考察FRN、P300和LPC与效价、得失及得失程度和情绪体验的关系。     

珠心算训练儿童加法心算的ERP早成分研究

采用事件相关电位(ERP)的方法,对32名儿童进行了双位数加法心算实验,探讨了珠心算训练方式对儿童加法心算加工早期感知觉的影响。研究结果表明,与非珠心算训练儿童相比,在加法心算过程的早期阶段,珠心算训练儿童枕部P1、额中央区的N1波幅增大,而颞枕区N170以及额中央区P2波幅减小。本研究结果发现珠心算训练对儿童心算过程的早期感知有显著影响。     

汉语作为第二语言的越南大学生汉字部件意识的发展*

以226名将汉语作为第二语言的越南大学一到四年级学生为研究对象,以低频独体字、部件熟悉假字和部件不熟悉假字为材料,采用延迟书写任务,考察了不同年级的越南大学生汉字部件意识的发展及其影响因素。结果发现：（1）学习3个月汉语的大一学生能以部件作为汉字加工单元,其延迟书写部件熟悉假字显著好于低频独体字,并与高年级学生没有差异,说明越南大学生很早就发展出了汉字部件意识;（2）不同年级大学生书写部件不熟悉假字的成绩都显著低于部件熟悉假字,也低于低频独体字,表明部件构字能力是越南大学生汉字书写的重要影响因素。（3）越南大一学生的汉字书写成绩受到汉字结构的影响,左右结构优于上下结构,但其他年级的成绩不受汉字结构的影响。     

主语优先现象及其认知机制

主语优先是言语加工中的一种语序效应, 它具体表现为三个方面：论元歧义句的理解过程中, 首论元倾向于被解释为主语; 非歧义句的理解过程中, 首论元为宾语时的加工难于首论元为主语时的加工; 关系从句的理解过程中, 主语的提取比宾语的提取更容易。本文对主语优先现象主要进行了以下方面的论述：① 结合印欧语系和非印欧语系中的各种类型的语言, 详细分析了主语优先现象及其普遍性与特殊性; ② 主语优先现象的理论解释：基于工作记忆的理论、句法关联理论、突出性特征理论和基于频率的理论; ③ 与主语优先现象有关的脑电成分及其所体现的认知加工过程。最后, 结合已有的研究, 指出了主语优先现象未来的研究方向。     

群体性事件集群行为的动员与组织机制

群体性事件指部分群众与当地党政部门或强势社会集团的对抗性冲突。是当下我国典型的集群行为。社会心理学对集群行为动员机制的研究主要包括群体相对剥夺、群体认同、群体(愤怒)情绪和群体效能; 对集群行为组织机制的研究主要包括速生规范、谣言和去个体化。其中, 群体愤怒和群体效能既属于动员机制, 同时又在组织机制中发挥作用。这些因素之间有待于进一步整合, 以期对现阶段我国社会频发的群体性事件的心理因素进行解释和探讨。