高中生的亲子沟通质量对情绪性刺激注意偏向的影响

为了探讨高中生亲子沟通质量对情绪性刺激注意偏向的影响,实验一采用亲子沟通量表,筛选出亲子沟通高分组和低分组,两组被试参加点探测任务,要求被试迅速判断情绪性图片出现后呈现的圆点的位置。实验为2（组别：高亲子沟通组、低亲子沟通组）×2（情绪类型：负性和正性）×2（探测点位置一致性：一致、不一致）的混合实验设计。结果发现,负性和正性刺激的不一致条件反应时均显著短于一致条件的反应时。实验二采用事件相关电位（ERP）记录了情绪性图片诱发的信号反应。结果发现,亲子沟通高分组对负性刺激所诱发的注意指向和集中（P2成分）及选择和巩固（P3成分）显著高于低分组。以上结果表明,亲子沟通较好,在注意早期定向和选择中会对负性情绪刺激产生注意偏向。亲子沟通较差,则对情绪性的刺激没有明显的偏向性,类似于“漠不关心”的状态。     

Building a Theoretical Model for Supporting Teens’ Autonomy Daily (STAND): A Network Analysis of Family-Perceived Changes

Little is known about processes through which behavior therapy (BT) for adolescent ADHD improves outcomes. The purpose of this study was to build a theoretical model for the processes through which a BT for adolescent ADHD (Supporting Teens’ Autonomy Daily; STAND) impacts functioning. Seventy-eight audio recordings from a standard therapeutic task in the final STAND session were analyzed as parents and adolescents (ages 11–16) reflected upon what changed during STAND and why. Qualitative coding sorted parent and teen statements into orthogonal categories of perceived changes. Network analysis examined inter-relations between categories. Results indicated twenty-one categories of perceived change areas. Parent use of behavioral strategies, adolescent motivation, and adolescent organization skills were central nodes in the network of perceived changes, with strong relations to academic and parent-teen relationship outcomes. A model is proposed in which skills training in STAND increases parent behavioral strategy use and teen organization skills, while Motivational Interviewing (MI) in STAND increase parent behavioral strategy use and initial adolescent motivation. In turn, parent behavioral strategy use is proposed to further reinforce teen motivation through contingency management, thereby increasing teen application of organization skills to daily life. As a result of improved teen motivation and organization skills, the model proposes that ADHD symptoms, academic problems, and parent-teen conflict abate. We discuss secondary mechanisms and outcomes in this model, the possibility of person-specific processes, implications for community-based adaptation of STAND, and plans to validate this conceptual model using sophisticated mediational models.     

Motivational interviewing as a way to promote physical activity in obese adolescents: A randomised-controlled trial using self-determination theory as an explanatory framework

Using self-determination theory (SDT) as an explanatory framework, this randomised-controlled study evaluates the effect of a motivational interviewing (MI)-based intervention as an addition to a standard weight loss programme (SWLP) on physical activity (PA) practice in obese adolescents over a six-month period. Fifty-four obese adolescents (mean age?=?13?years, mean BMI?=?29.57?kg/m²) were randomly assigned to an SWLP group (n?=?28) or SWLP?+?MI group (n?=?26). Both groups received two SWLP sessions, supplemented for the SWLP?+?MI group, by six MI sessions. Perceived autonomy support, perceived competence, motivational regulations, PA and BMI were assessed at baseline, three and six months (i.e. the end of the programme). MLM analyses revealed that compared to SWLP, the SWLP?+?MI group had a greater BMI decrease and a greater PA practice increase over time. Moreover, the SWLP?+?MI group reported greater autonomy support from medical staff at the end of the programme, greater increase in integrated and identified regulations and a stronger decrease in amotivation. MI appears as an efficient counselling method as an addition to an SWLP to promote PA in the context of pediatric obesity.     

Adaptation to Reversal of Retinal Feedback of Eyemovements

Both optical and hybrid-computer methods were devised to reverse the visual feedback which the eye gets of its own movements. Optical reversal by a contact lens device caused persisting, unstable, skittered, blurred vision, to which the subject made no effective adaptation. Using a hybrid analog-digital-analog computer, eyemovement-retinal feedback was reversed by yoking oscilloscope targets to the transduced electrical signals of ocular movements and reversing the sign of input-output control of the computer system. Vision with such computer-reversed feedback from ocular movements duplicated the experiences with the contact-lens method. Practice over five sessions of 50 trials indicated that three Ss showed no significant improvement in eye-tracking accuracy with the reversed vision. Perception of direction in vision and the basic signal processes of vision were thus found to be dependent on built-in direction specificity of eyemovement-retinal feedback interactions which also govern dynamic specialization and control of pursuit, saccadic, and fixation movements.     

Optimal Experience Among Teachers: New Insights Into the Work Paradox

Several studies highlighted that individuals perceive work as an opportunity for flow or optimal experience, but not as desirable and pleasant. This finding was defined as the work paradox. The present study addressed this issue among teachers from the perspective of self-determination theory, investigating work-related intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, as well as autonomous and controlled behavior regulation. In Study 1, 14 teachers were longitudinally monitored with Experience Sampling Method for one work week. In Study 2, 184 teachers were administered Flow Questionnaire and Work Preference Inventory, respectively investigating opportunities for optimal experience, and motivational orientations at work. Results showed that work-related optimal experiences were associated with both autonomous regulation and with controlled regulation. Moreover, teachers reported both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation at work, with a prevailing intrinsic orientation. Findings provide novel insights on the work paradox, and suggestions for teachers’ well-being promotion.     

Influence of Passive Rotation on the Intonation of the Voice

Seventy-two subjects were randomly drawn across grades K-2 and administered an instrument designed to measure developmental skills within seven skill area categories. A three-way ANOVA, fixed effects model, was used for data analysis. Subjects were blocked by eye color, sex, and grade level for the purpose of investigating the relationship between eye color and sex to self-paced and reactive behaviors. Significant differences were obtained on the main effect of eye color in five of the seven categories examined. There were three significant first order interactions (sex × eye color) and one three-way interaction. The findings support the hypothesis of Worthy that eye color is a dependable predictor of subjects' general behavioral competency area (self-paced or reactive) and adds considerable support for his thesis that self-paced and reactive behaviors are to some degree inherited.     

Reentry Needs: Men Who Are Young,Hispanic, Older,or With Mental Illness

Perceptions of the needs for successful reentry among incarcerated men from diverse backgrounds were investigated using phenomenological qualitative methods. Twenty‐nine men serving time in a northeastern U.S. correctional facility, which concentrated on treatment of substance use, participated in four focus groups. Young men found it most important to make personal changes, Hispanic men to maintain personal identity, older men to receive structural support, and men with mental illness to connect with family.     

网络语言的创造性加工过程:新颖N400与LPC

采用事件相关电位(ERP)技术比较在语义违反范式下网络语言和标准汉语的语义加工差异。结果发现:(1)不管是网络语言还是标准汉语,相对于语义一致条件,语义不一致条件在400 ms诱发了一个更负的负成分,但网络语言的经典N400差异波具有更晚的潜伏期和更长的持续时间;(2)溯源结果发现,网络语言和标准汉语的经典N400差异波的早期和晚期的定位均分别定位于丘脑和前扣带回,表明N400延迟效应是由个体对网络语言相对低的流利度所致,反映了认知冲突的延续;(3)在语义一致性条件下,网络语言比标准汉语诱发了一个更负的新颖N400和一个更正的晚期正成分(LPC),分别定位于前扣带回和海马,二者分别反映了新颖网络含义的识别以及新颖语义信息的整合与新颖语义联结的形成。ERP结果支持了网络语言加工属于创造性思维过程。     

前瞻记忆的年老化效应:前瞻成分和回溯成分的调节作用

关注事件性前瞻记忆的年老化,采用基于双重任务的实验室研究范式,实验一控制线索与意向的关联性和线索的显著性操纵概念驱动加工和数据驱动加工过程,比较前瞻记忆的前瞻成分和回溯成分的年老化影响;实验二检验前瞻成分在前瞻记忆年老化中的作用。结果显示,线索与意向的关联性和线索与背景的区别性作为概念驱动加工和数据驱动加工的重要表现形式可以显著地促进老年人的前瞻记忆水平,前瞻记忆年老化主要存在于前瞻记忆的前瞻成分;前瞻成分较高的注意资源需求导致前瞻记忆的年龄差异主要受任务的认知需求水平所影响,当前瞻记忆是相对自动加工时,年龄差异小;当任务需要较多的控制加工时,年龄差异相对较大。本研究进一步揭示了导致前瞻记忆年龄差异的原因。