A comparative evaluation of factor- and component-based structural equation modelling approaches under (in)correct construct representations

Structural equation modelling (SEM) has evolved into two domains, factor-based and component-based, dependent on whether constructs are statistically represented as common factors or components. The two SEM domains are conceptually distinct, each assuming their own population models with either of the statistical construct proxies, and statistical SEM approaches should be used for estimating models whose construct representations correspond to what they assume. However, SEM approaches have often been evaluated and compared only under population factor models, providing misleading conclusions about their relative performance. This is partly because population component models and their relationships have not been clearly formulated. Also, it is of fundamental importance to examine how robust SEM approaches can be to potential misrepresentation of constructs because researchers may often lack clear theories to determine whether a factor or component is more representative of a given construct. Addressing these issues, this study begins by clarifying several population component models and their relationships and then provides a comprehensive evaluation of four SEM approaches – the maximum likelihood approach and factor score regression for factor-based SEM as well as generalized structured component analysis (GSCA) and partial least squares path modelling (PLSPM) for component-based SEM – under various experimental conditions. We confirm that the factor-based SEM approaches should be preferred for estimating factor models, whereas the component-based SEM approaches should be chosen for component models. Importantly, the component-based approaches are generally more robust to construct misrepresentation than the factor-based ones. Of the component-based approaches, GSCA should be chosen over PLSPM, regardless of whether or not constructs are misrepresented.     

否定情绪词的具身动态模拟过程

实验1和实验2分别以“（不）+积极/消极情绪词”和“（不）+愤怒/悲伤情绪词”形式的情绪词语或否定短语作为实验材料,分别采取词-图匹配范式和趋近-回避范式,以否定加工的早期（250ms）和中后期（1000ms）两种探测时间,探讨否定对情绪词效价与动机维度加工是否符合否定的两步模拟假设。结果发现,否定情绪效价部分符合否定的两步模拟假设,早期以被否定的情绪状态模拟为主,即不高兴会首先激活高兴;中后期,否定消极词和积极词都被理解为积极;否定情绪动机维度并不符合否定的两步模拟假设,否定对愤怒与悲伤的趋近－回避的影响出现在否定加工中后期,否定改变愤怒的动机方向,由趋近变为回避,却没有改变悲伤的动机方向,悲伤仍表现为回避。本研究证明否定对情绪词的效价和动机维度部分符合两步模拟假设,否定情绪词有其特定的加工过程,各维度加工有所不同。     

大中学生对悲伤与愉快面孔区分的特征比较

采用面孔识别研究范式和事件相关电位方法,研究初中生、高中生和大学生三个年龄段被试情绪面孔加工特征。研究发现,在刺激呈现后的550~800ms,三个年龄段被试均产生悲伤效应,悲伤面孔引发的LPC波幅大于愉快面孔引发的LPC波幅,三个年龄段的悲伤效应脑区分布大致相同,表明三个年龄段情绪面孔加工有着类似的神经机制。进一步比较三个年龄段悲伤面孔引发的ERPs发现,在刺激呈现后的200~550ms,悲伤面孔的加工产生年龄效应。年龄段越低的被试N2波幅越大,年龄段越高的被试P3波幅越大。这一结果提示,随着年龄的增长,青少年大脑高级功能的发育日趋成熟。     

小学生课堂参与结构及特点的研究

本研究运用课堂观察、访谈和问卷调查法,以267名小学一～六年级学生为被试,考察了小学生课堂参与的结构及特点。结果表明：1)学生的课堂参与主要包含了：主动参与、非参与、负向参与、自控下的被动参与和他控下的被动参与五种成分;2)总体而言,课堂上,学生的积极参与多于消极参与,被动参与多于主动参与;3)在小学阶段,学生的课堂参与没有明显的变化,特别是学生主动参与的水平并没有随年级的升高而增长。     

Emergence of representational activity during the early drawing stage: process analysis

This study analyzed the process underlying the emergence of representational drawing. Eighty-seven children aged 1–3 years were asked to color or draw either a simple picture (P) or a contour for an object (DC) in a shared task. After that, they were asked to draw their mother on a blank sheet of paper in a no drawn contour task (NC). Whereas 1½- and 2-year-olds were more successful in the P task than in the DC task, the 2½- and 3-year-olds were successful in both. The 2-year-olds were better in the DC than the NC task. The results show that 1½- and 2-year-olds can extract the component parts of a drawing even though they cannot produce them and children over 2½ years old can organize these components into a drawing by themselves. These findings indicate that representational drawing is based on the extraction of the component parts and the acquisition of the drawing ability to combine the parts into a drawing and that the beginnings of representational drawing are found in 1½- and 2-year-old children.     

Application of multi-feature fusion and random forests to the automated detection of myocardial infarction

Myocardial infarction (MI) was one of the most threatening cardiovascular diseases due to its suddenness and high mortality. Electrocardiography (ECG) reflected the electrophysiological activity of the heart which was widely used for the diagnosis of MI. The aim of the paper was to provide a novel method to detect MI leveraging ECG. Firstly, data enhancement technology was employed to extend the database and prevent overfitting. Then, principal component analysis (PCA) features, statistical features, and entropy features were computed as the representation of first layer features for each lead. Furthermore, the second layer features for each lead were extracted by using random forests (RF), and the feature extraction results were quantified as a classification data set. Finally, in order to evaluate the proposed method, two schemes for the intra-patient and inter-patient were employed. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and F1 values in the intra-patient scheme were 99.71%, 99.7%, 99.73%, and 99.71%, respectively, and 85.82%, 73.91%, 97.73%, and 83.9% in the inter-patient scheme. Meanwhile, compared with different methods including support vector machine (SVM), back propagation neural network (BPNN), and k-nearest neighbor (KNN), RF displayed the best performance.     

Facilitators and barriers to the implementation of motivational interviewing for bullying perpetration in school settings

Bullying is a perplexing and persistent problem with negative consequences for all involved. Schools are assigned considerable responsibility for the management of bullying because of its prevalence amongst youth. Despite considerable efforts over decades to curtail bullying through the use of anti-bullying policies and other school-based interventions, the rates of young people who frequently bully has not decreased significantly. Motivational Interviewing (MI) is a relational and affirming conversational method that strengthens an individual's motivation and commitment to change, overcoming ambivalence toward the problem. The aim of the current study was to provide preliminary insight into the feasibility of incorporating MI into student service repertoires for addressing bullying. Ten staff participants from six secondary schools, who had roles in bullying intervention within their respective schools, were offered training in MI and invited to use and monitor this method in their practice as an intervention for students who perpetrate bullying. Results indicated a number factors which influenced the uptake of MI in schools. Facilitators enabling the use of MI included practitioner's professional background, administrative support, training and implementation of MI. Barriers to the use of MI included time pressure and administrative expectations, school roles and system limitations, and preconceptions and the stigma of bullying.     

自主安全动机与安全绩效的多水平模型

自主安全动机对安全绩效的积极作用已引起研究者的关注, 但自主动机与安全绩效多水平的作用机制还未得到深入研究。结合自我决定理论与多水平动机过程, 个体与团队自主安全动机通过安全目标, 进而影响安全绩效; 在安全工作情境中通过对自主支持、工作重塑的干预促进自主安全动机。研究拟结合认知测量和问卷测量, 通过纵向研究、实验、准实验研究等方法探讨上述问题。研究结果一方面可拓展自我决定理论与安全绩效的研究; 另一方面为安全管理实践, 尤其是安全培训提供理论依据, 对高风险企业安全绩效的改善有积极的现实意义。     

Big Five Personality and Creativity: The Moderating Effect of Motivational Goal Orientation

This study examined the association between the big five personality dimensions and creativity through the moderation of motivational goal orientation. One hundred and ninety students engaged in full‐time employment completed questionnaires, which were used to assess the variables of interest. Regression moderation analyses supported some of the expected hypotheses. The associations between the big five dimensions and creativity were moderated by learning motivational goal orientation. Individuals high in extroversion, emotional stability, and low in conscientiousness, are most creative when they are oriented toward learning. In addition, openness fully predicted creativity, without the moderation of goal orientation. The results are discussed in terms of the interactional nature of personality and goal orientation theory.