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31.
以中国古代外伤止血技术为例,从医学发展进程的角度,比较东、西方止血技术发展的差异,分析外伤止血方法发展缓慢的原因,据此提出加快发展中医药现代化进程的若干建议. 相似文献
32.
Pekka Väyrynen 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》2004,7(1):53-79
This paper addresses a recent suggestion that moral particularists can extend their view to countenance default reasons (at
a first stab, reasons that are pro tanto unless undermined) by relying on certain background expectations of normality. I
first argue that normality must be understood non-extensionally. Thus if default reasons rest on normality claims, those claims
won't bestow upon default reasons any definite degree of extensional generality. Their generality depends rather on the contingent
distributional aspects of the world, which no theory of reasons should purport to settle. Appeals to default reasons cannot
therefore uniquely support particularism. But this argument also implies that if moral generalism entailed that moral reasons
by necessity have invariant valence (in the natural extensional sense), it would be a non-starter. Since generalism is not
a non-starter, my argument forces us to rethink the parameters of the generalism-particularism debate. Here I propose to clarify
the debate by focusing on its modal rather than extensional aspects. In closing, I outline the sort of generalism that I think is motivated by my discussion,
and then articulate some worries this view raises about the theoretical usefulness of the label ‘default reason’. 相似文献
33.
基于自我决定理论的教师激励风格研究述评 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
自我决定理论认为, 教师激励风格是影响学生学习动机的重要外在因素。本文从概念内涵、测量方式、作用机制及影响因素等方面梳理了近十年来教师激励风格的相关研究, 结果发现教师激励风格对学生学习的不同指标都具有重要作用, 但其具体作用机制仍不明确; 而教学动机、教师心理需要的满足等会影响教师激励风格的形成和改变。因此, 在未来的研究中应进一步关注概念结构的澄清、因变量指标的扩充、研究视角的整合和对文化适用性的反思。 相似文献
34.
Rispoli M O'Reilly M Lang R Machalicek W Davis T Lancioni G Sigafoos J 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2011,44(1):187-192
The current study examined the effects of motivating operations on problem behavior and academic engagement for 2 students with autism. Classroom sessions were preceded by periods in which the participants had access or no access to the items functionally related to their problem behavior. Results suggested that presession access may result in lower levels of problem behavior and higher levels of academic engagement during classroom instruction. 相似文献
35.
Previous research suggests that motivating operation (MO) manipulations may assist in assessing discriminated manding (Gutierrez et al., 2007). The current study partially replicated and extended previous research by varying access to concurrently available reinforcers with different preference values (i.e., MO manipulations). Manding did not occur (a) for reinforcers that were freely available and (b) for lower preference items when relatively higher preference reinforcers were freely available. Results further demonstrated the utility of manipulating MOs to verify discriminated mands but suggest that relative preference of alternative reinforcers should be controlled during these assessments. 相似文献
36.
Matthew S. Bedke 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》2008,11(1):85-111
There are a number of proposals as to exactly how reasons, ends and rationality are related. It is often thought that practical
reasons can be analyzed in terms of practical rationality, which, in turn, has something to do with the pursuit of ends. I
want to argue against the conceptual priority of rationality and the pursuit of ends, and in favor of the conceptual priority
of reasons. This case comes in two parts. I first argue for a new conception of ends by which all ends are had under the guise
of reasons. I then articulate a sense of rationality, procedural rationality, that is connected with the pursuit of ends so
conceived, where one is rational to the extent that one is motivated to act in accordance with reasons as they appear to be.
Unfortunately, these conceptions of ends and procedural rationality are inadequate for building an account of practical reasons,
though I try to explain why it is that the rational pursuit of ends generates intuitive but misleading accounts of genuine
normative reasons. The crux of the problem is an insensitivity to an is-seems distinction, where procedural rationality concerns
reasons as they appear, and what we are after is a substantive sense of rationality that concerns reasons as they are. Based
on these distinct senses of rationality, and some disambiguation of what it is to have a reason, I offer a critique of internalist
analyses of one’s reasons in terms of the motivational states of one’s ideal, procedurally rational self, and I offer an alternative
analysis of one’s practical reasons in terms of practical wisdom that overcomes objections to related reasons externalist
views. The resulting theory is roughly Humean about procedural rationality and roughly Aristotelian about reasons, capturing
the core truths of both camps.
相似文献
Matthew S. BedkeEmail: |
37.
Christian Miller 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》2008,11(5):551-561
The purpose of this paper is to consider Joshua Gert’s novel view of subjective practical rationality in his book Brute Rationality. After briefly outlining the account, I present two objections to his view and then consider his own objections to a rival
approach to understanding subjective rationality which I take to be much more plausible.
相似文献
Christian MillerEmail: |
38.
Simon Robertson 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》2008,11(3):263-277
A common view of the relation between oughts and reasons is that you ought to do something if and only if that is what you
have most reason to do. One challenge to this comes from what Jonathan Dancy calls ‘enticing reasons.’ Dancy argues that enticing
reasons never contribute to oughts and that it is false that if the only reasons in play are enticing reasons then you ought
to do what you have most reason to do. After explaining how enticing reasons supposedly work and why accepting them may appear
attractive, I firstly show why we are not committed to accepting them into our conceptual framework and then argue that no
reasons work in the way enticing reasons are claimed to. Thus we should reject the category of enticing reasons entirely.
相似文献
Simon RobertsonEmail: |
39.
Alfred R. Mele 《The Journal of Ethics》2006,10(3):283-294
The author argued elsewhere that a necessary condition that John Fischer and Mark Ravizza offer for moral responsibility is
too strong and that the sufficient conditions they offer are too weak. This article is a critical examination of their reply.
Topics discussed include blameworthiness, irresistible desires, moral responsibility, reactive attitudes, and reasons responsiveness. 相似文献
40.
Kalle Grill 《Res Publica》2007,13(4):441-458
The philosophical debate on paternalism is conducted as if the property of being paternalistic should be attributed to actions.
Actions are typically deemed to be paternalistic if they amount to some kind of interference with a person and if the rationale
for the action is the good of the person interfered with. This focus on actions obscures the normative issues involved. In
particular, it makes it hard to provide an analysis of the traditional liberal resistance to paternalism. Given the fact that
actions most often have mixed rationales, it is not clear how we should categorize and evaluate interfering actions for which
only part of the rationale is the good of the person. The preferable solution is to attribute the property of being paternalistic
not to actions, but to compounds of reasons and actions. The framework of action–reasons provides the tools for distinguishing where exactly paternalism lies in the complex web of reasons and actions. 相似文献