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111.
David E. Kuhn Samantha L. Hardesty Kevin Luczynski 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2009,42(2):349-353
The value of a reinforcer may change based on antecedent events, specifically the behavior of others (Bruzek & Thompson, 2007). In the current study, we examined the effects of manipulating the behavior of the therapist on problem behavior while all dimensions of reinforcement were held constant. Both participants' levels of problem behaviors increased as a function of the altered behavior of the therapist without direct manipulation of states of satiation or deprivation. 相似文献
112.
Boelter EW Wacker DP Call NA Ringdahl JE Kopelman T Gardner AW 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》2007,40(2):321-326
The effects of manipulations of task variables on inaccurate responding and disruption were investigated with 3 children who engaged in noncompliance. With 2 children in an outpatient clinic, task directives were first manipulated to identify directives that guided accurate responding; then, additional dimensions of the task were manipulated to evaluate their influence on disruptive behavior. With a 3rd child, similar procedures were employed at school. Results showed one-step directives set the occasion for accurate responding and that other dimensions of the task (e.g., preference) functioned as motivating operations for negative reinforcement. 相似文献
113.
Fred Kronz 《Journal of Philosophical Logic》2007,36(4):449-472
A non-monotonic theory of probability is put forward and shown to have applicability in the quantum domain. It is obtained
simply by replacing Kolmogorov’s positivity axiom, which places the lower bound for probabilities at zero, with an axiom that
reduces that lower bound to minus one. Kolmogorov’s theory of probability is monotonic, meaning that the probability of A is less then or equal to that of B whenever A entails B. The new theory violates monotonicity, as its name suggests; yet, many standard theorems are also theorems of the new theory
since Kolmogorov’s other axioms are retained. What is of particular interest is that the new theory can accommodate quantum
phenomena (photon polarization experiments) while preserving Boolean operations, unlike Kolmogorov’s theory. Although non-standard
notions of probability have been discussed extensively in the physics literature, they have received very little attention
in the philosophical literature. One likely explanation for that difference is that their applicability is typically demonstrated
in esoteric settings that involve technical complications. That barrier is effectively removed for non-monotonic probability
theory by providing it with a homely setting in the quantum domain. Although the initial steps taken in this paper are quite
substantial, there is much else to be done, such as demonstrating the applicability of non-monotonic probability theory to
other quantum systems and elaborating the interpretive framework that is provisionally put forward here. Such matters will
be developed in other works. 相似文献
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115.
Mark F. O'Reilly 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1995,28(2):225-226
Functional analysis identified the consequences that maintained aggressive behavior and the relationship between those consequences and sleep deprivation for an individual with severe mental retardation. Results showed that aggression was maintained by negative reinforcement contingencies (escape from demand) and that aggression was more severe when sleep deprivation was present. A multicomponent intervention resulted in reductions of aggression for up to 7 months. 相似文献
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This study examined the effects of presession attention on the acquisition of tacts (Experiment 1) and intraverbals (Experiment 2) in children diagnosed with autism. Each participant experienced 3 conditions. In the first 2 conditions, participants experienced a 15-min interval of either presession attention (PA) or no presession attention (NPA) followed by a teaching session. The third condition was a control condition. Across experiments, all participants acquired the verbal operants assigned to the NPA condition, whereas only 4 of the 6 participants acquired the verbal operants assigned to the PA condition. Five of the 6 participants required fewer sessions to meet the mastery criterion and a shorter duration of training for the verbal operants assigned to the NPA condition as compared to the PA condition. These outcomes suggest that antecedent manipulations traditionally reserved for mand training can positively affect the acquisition of other verbal operants. Theoretical implications are discussed. 相似文献
119.
This review identifies antecedent manipulation and the role of establishing operations as primary themes of the book as well as crucial elements in the design of a broadly applicable behavior support technology. The discussion of the book's thematic treatment of these elements highlights the traditional importance of elaborate antecedent interactions within the field of behavior analysis and welcomes researchers' efforts to broaden their credibility and influence through comprehensive and durable applications of behavior support technologies in a variety of natural settings. The reviewers rate the book as representative of the most recent developments and directions within applied behavior support. 相似文献
120.
J. L. Rankin 《Journal of Adult Development》2000,7(3):127-135
To examine possible age/cohort differences in social judgment processes, young and older adults were asked to evaluate criminal offenders described in case files that manipulated both race of offender and the extenuating circumstances preceding the crime. Direct mail was used to reach a wider sample; 218 young (M = 30.21 years) and 167 older (M = 68.57 years) adults provided usable responses. Older adults more strongly recommended parole and estimated less future crime than young adults. There were no age differences in attributions to the criminal's basic nature, but respondents from older age groups and earlier born cohorts more frequently attributed crimes to circumstances. Respondents' judgments of White and Black criminals were generally equitable. Findings suggest that older adults may attach greater importance to contextual factors in their judgments of criminals' actions and make more circumstantial attributions than young adults when there is sufficient context to offer a nondispositional account for behavior. 相似文献