精神科医患之间有效沟通之几点思考

内镜检查和治疗技术作为一种侵入性技术,已经被全世界的医生广泛接受和应用。但消化内镜术前病人普遍存在不同程度的焦虑、恐惧等负面心理反应,甚至影响临床治疗效果。为缓解内镜术前病人焦虑情绪,改善术前生理心理状态,促进康复,音乐治疗作为内镜手术的辅助治疗手段,已被引入消化内镜室并显示了其重要的治疗价值。     

跟踪操作业绩与人格特征的关系

本研究发现,跟踪作业的业绩与允许误差值之间有某种规律性的关系。因此,跟踪任务的操纵器设计应考虑最佳宽容度。本文还探讨了不同人格维度与跟踪作业业绩之间的关系。就单个人格维度而言,内倾者的跟踪作业业绩优于外倾者;较高精神质者优于较低精神质者。在神经质维度上表现出高神经质者作业业绩好于低神经质者的倾向。     

肿瘤治疗模式的哲学思考

外科手术往往是肿瘤治疗的首选方法,对于不能手术或已丧失手术机会者才考虑放疗,化疗。近年来,出现了诱导分化和凋亡等治疗手段,且在某些肿瘤的治疗上已取得了可喜的效果,这点新概念,新手术的出现,使得以往的肿瘤治疗模式受到了冲击,从以人为本,预防为主的哲学思想出发,我们似科可以提出这样的肿瘤治疗模式,诱导分化→启动凋亡→手术,放疗,化疗。     

PEER-MEDIATED PROCEDURES TO INDUCE SWALLOWING AND FOOD ACCEPTANCE IN YOUNG CHILDREN

Two studies demonstrated a functional relationship between a peer modeling procedure and the treatment of feeding disorders with 2 young children. In the first experiment, the use of a peer model treatment package was shown to induce swallowing in a child with dysphagia who had never swallowed food or liquid. In the second experiment, a child who consistently declined food was induced to increase food acceptance as a function of the same peer modeling package. In the latter experiment, a peer-mediated procedure, consisting of rotated opportunities to consume food with a peer, was found to increase consumption more than did modeling alone. The first experiment used a multiple baseline design across solids and liquids, and the second used a multiple treatment design. The results of both experiments are discussed as new and nonaversive treatments for feeding disorders of young children who are imitative.     

Combined antecedent variables as motivating operations within functional analyses

Functional analysis test conditions typically manipulate a single antecedent variable and an associated consequence to better isolate response-reinforcer relations. In some instances no problem behavior is observed, perhaps representing a false-negative finding. The present study evaluated one approach to assess potentially false-negative findings within functional analyses. Participants were exposed to single-antecedent functional analysis test conditions and combined-antecedent test conditions within a multielement design. Both participants engaged in problem behavior primarily during the combined-antecedent test conditions, and treatments matched to the results were effective in reducing problem behavior. Findings are discussed in terms of clinical implications of combining antecedent variables to further examine potentially false-negative functional analysis results.     

EFFECTS OF EQUAL AND UNEQUAL REINFORCER DURATION DURING FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS

In the functional analysis described by Iwata, Dorsey, Slifer, Bauman, and Richman (1982/1994), reinforcer duration varied across conditions (e.g., brief attention vs. 30 s of escape); this may result in unequal exposure to the establishing operations for aberrant behavior. In this study, we compared the effects of unequal and equal reinforcer duration during a functional analysis. The results showed that reinforcer duration affects the rate of aberrant behavior and may potentially alter functional analysis interpretation.     

中美成年人和老年人数学能力发展的比较研究

采用一套心理计量测验考察中美两国青老年被试在算术能力、知觉速度及空间方位能力方面的操作是否有国家间和年龄组间差异,不同领域之间是否有不同的能力模式。测验结果表明：在知觉速度和空间方位测验上,中美青年组的操作成绩均明显超过老年组;在算术能力测验上,中国青年组的成绩仍超过老年组,但美国青老年组间则无明显差异;中国青年组在算术能力测验上成绩优于美国同龄组,在其它两个测验上则无明显差异;在所有能力测验上中美老年组的成绩都无明显差异;总的模式表明,美国青年的算术能力呈逐代下降趋势,中国儿童和青年的算术能力远远超过美国同龄人的状况可能只是个近期的现象。     

动作的创造性操作与原型效应

对各种不同动作操作水平的被试,进行动作操作图式的操作实验。结果发现：１．经过系列动作的学习,可以形成动作原型。２．动作原型对于动作操作有影响作用,这种原型效应明显地表现在动作的创造性操作上。３．动作操作水平与动作原型效应有密切关系,动作原型效应,在操作水平高的人的动作操作上,表现最为明显。４．动作原型效应受背景条件所制约。     

内隐学习与外显学习的相互关系

对内隐与外显学习过程的相互作用进行了探讨。被试为上海高二学生 10 0人 ,实验通过限定状态语法和双条件语法两种材料的会聚操作对 5种实验条件进行了比较。研究结果表明 :(1)内隐学习具有很强的抽象性 ,本研究首次对此给予了高度评价 ;(2 )内隐与外显学习存在相互作用 ,在学习过程中 ,时而互相促进 ,时而互相冲突 ,时而内隐学习贡献大 ,时而外显学习贡献大 ,本研究探明了内隐学习与外显学习的贡献谁大谁小 ,视学习材料的难度而定。实验启示 ,在人类的学习和生活中 ,内隐学习及其与外显学习的相互作用起着不可估量的作用 !