从道家“复归婴儿”看《红楼梦》心理精神疾病

道家“复归婴儿”认为发展健全的人格及保养身体应学习“婴儿”淳朴、凝聚、无欲等饱满的精神状态。此思想可以帮助分析《红楼梦》中人物的心理精神疾病的死亡原因与施治手段。通过林黛玉、王熙凤及贾瑞之死分析其不良的精神状态与心理欲望对健康的影响,结合道家所提倡的六种婴儿状态:“营魄抱一”、“涤除玄鉴”、“见素抱朴”、“绝学弃智”、“知足知止”以及“知和知常”分别对此三人的心理疾病提出解决方案。     

汉语口语词汇产生的音韵编码单元：内隐启动范式的ERP研究

本研究中选择英语水平低的汉语母语者,排除作为二语的英语音韵编码单元(音素)可能对汉语口语词汇产生过程的影响后,运用事件相关电位技术,考察了汉语口语产生过程中音节和音素效应的时间进程。实验采用内隐启动范式,要求被试看到提示词之后说出对应的目标词。事件相关电位分析结果发现,音节效应出现在线索词呈现后的100～400 ms之间,音素效应出现在500～600 ms之间,波形表现为相关条件比无关条件的波形更正。这表明在词汇选择之后的音韵编码阶段讲话者首先提取的单元是音节,而音素效应出现的时间窗口可能是音韵编码阶段后期或者是语音编码阶段,结果验证了合适编码单元假说的观点。     

预立医疗照护计划在重症医学科中的应用研究进展

基于目前我国医疗压力较大,过度治疗现象突出等问题,站在现代医学观念和辩证思维角度来思考如何合理且有效地利用现有的医疗资源,减少不必要且增加患者痛苦的治疗,减轻患者家庭负担,让患者有尊严地离开。同时,借鉴国外经验结合我国文化背景对预立医疗照护计划的可行性和必要性进行阐述,对国内外预立医疗照护计划实施的现状进行对比,并分析国内外预立医疗照护计划实施差异的原因,提出针对性的措施,以期为我国重症医学科推行预立医疗照护计划提供建议,促进安宁疗护的进一步发展。     

汉语老年读者的多词单元加工：来自眼动研究的证据

选取由两个双字词组成的多词组合（单词组合、模糊词组合、双词组合）,比较老年人和青年人对多词单元的加工情况。结果发现,相比于其他两类组合,所有被试在单词组合上的注视时间更短,第一遍注视次数更少,成分词上的注视时间更短,跳读率更高,表现出多词单元的加工优势,而且这一加工优势不存在显著的年龄差异。结果表明,汉语老年读者同样将多词单元作为整体进行加工。     

The Prodigal Son: Some Psychological Aspects of Augustine’s Conversion to Christianity

Augustine’s conversion is considered exemplary for its Christian testimony. However, the psychological aspects are also relevant, for Augustine’s conversion to Christianity was as much inspired by personal and cultural ambitions as by religious convictions. For Augustine, the conversion to the Christian faith spelled a life of asceticism—a life of celibacy, a virtuous and chaste existence, which also offered him a means of escape from the threatening ambiguity of parental relations and a chance to realize the cultural ideal of the civilized philosopher who has subjugated the passions of the flesh. In this paper we explore the psychological dynamics of the absent father, the suffering mother and the prodigal son and the role they played in Augustine’s conversion to Christianity.     

REINFORCER ACCUMULATION IN A TOKEN-REINFORCEMENT CONTEXT WITH PIGEONS

Four pigeons were exposed to a token-reinforcement procedure with stimulus lights serving as tokens. Responses on one key (the token-production key) produced tokens that could be exchanged for food during an exchange period. Exchange periods could be produced by satisfying a ratio requirement on a second key (the exchange-production key). The exchange-production key was available any time after one token had been produced, permitting up to 12 tokens to accumulate prior to exchange. Token accumulation, measured in terms of both frequency (percent cycles with accumulation) and magnitude (mean number of tokens accumulated), decreased as the token-production ratio increased from 1 to 10 across conditions (with exchange-production ratio held constant), and increased as the exchange-production ratio increased from 1 to 250 across conditions (with token-production ratio held constant). When tokens were removed, accumulation decreased markedly compared to conditions with tokens and the same schedules. These data show that token accumulation is an orderly function of token-production and exchange-production schedules, and they are broadly consistent with a unit-price model based on local and global responses per reinforcer.     

书写产生过程的认知机制

van Galen (1991)的书写产生模型指出书写过程是由层级结构组织起来的多个认知模块平行加工的结果。以此模型为出发点, 介绍了书写产生研究中主要关注的三个问题：书写过程中是否存在语音中介？书写时拼写编码的加工单元是什么？以及书写过程中认知编码阶段和运动执行阶段之间的关系？此外, 我们总结了书写产生与口语产生和阅读之间的联系, 介绍了书写产生过程的认知神经机制。最后, 我们分析了汉语的独特特点, 并指出这些特点对于书写产生研究的重要意义, 期待更多的心理语言学研究关注书写产生这一研究领域。     

Single Motherhood Via Donor-Insemination (DI): Separation, Absence, and Family Creation

The formation of single motherhood by choice via donor-insemination became one of the alternative family structures in recent years. This paper presents the construction of pre-maternal processes, decision-making and the actual preparation for motherhood via a clinical case study. The therapeutic process is developed through mutual co-construction of patient-therapist relationships that implement analytic relational concepts. The absence of the paternal figure generates a unique creation of familial emotional space. The lack of a conceptual, as well as, a clinical body of knowledge leads both therapist and patient to find new boundaries and meaningful bonds for this family structure.     

在家庭自由游戏和智力任务游戏中儿童与母亲的交往行为特征

本研究采用家庭录像观察的方法,考察了61名3－4岁儿童在家庭环境中的两个情境－－自由和带有智力任务倾向的拼图游戏情境中所表现出来的行为特征,结果发现：1儿童在两种游戏情境中与母亲交往时所表现出来的行为特征可以从独立性、顺从、言语交流和参与四个维度进行评价。2当儿童的游戏从自由游戏转为带有智力任务倾向的游戏时,儿童与母亲的交往行为方式发生明显变化,交流行为和积极情绪明显减少,而依赖行为和不与母亲交流的行为显著增加。3在上述两种游戏情境中,儿童与母亲的交往行为表现出个别差异,在自由游戏情境中,42.6%为独立型、32.8%为顺从型和24.6%为交流型;在拼图游戏情境中,54％为独立型、23％为顺从型和23％不顺从型。     

Do distracting activities increase tolerance for an infant cry?

Professionals recommend parents engage in distracting activities to mitigate negative effects of inconsolable infant crying (e.g., Deyo, Skybo, & Carroll, 2008; Goulet et al., 2009). We evaluated the availability of alternative activities on six undergraduates’ tolerance for a recorded infant cry; three students tolerated the cry longer when distracting activities were available. Our results show that distracting activities could decrease the aversiveness of inconsolable infant crying for some individuals; additional research in natural caregiving situations will help determine the generality and social validity of this finding.