"RATIONALITY" IN SCIENCE AND MORALS

Abstract. Martin Eger's comparison of controversies in science and morals is extended to a consideration of the nature of "rationality" in each. Both theoretical science and moral philosophy are held to be relativist in social and historical terms, but science also has definitive non-relativist pragmatic criteria of truth. The problem for moral philosophy is to delineate its own appropriate types of social criteria of validity.     

正义:西方道德治理思想的主线

道德治理是统治阶级利用国家权力发挥道德作用维护社会秩序的一种治理社会的活动。如果说中国古代道德治理思想的主要特点在于对仁政和道德教化的推崇,那么,西方道德治理思想的主线则在于对制度正义的追寻。     

家——中华传统道德之根

中华传统道德重要的社会根源是家,其道德意识和范畴体系的起点是家。认识传统道德的局限进而批判其消极因素,要抓住家这个关键和出发点,更为重要的是,在弘扬中华道德的优良传统、建设社会主义新道德的时候,我们也要从家出发,以家为重要的起点。     

论大众道德

大众道德是指既满足个人自身的基本心理需求、价值需要和个人正当利益诉求,同时主观上没有损害他人、社会的故意,客观上没有造成他人、社会的损害后果的行为方式,在某种程度上该行为方式也常常是对他人和集体有利的。大众道德是时代的需要,也是道德榜样的基础。它非常重视道德义务与道德权利有效整合,并将其融汇在个体的工作和生活之中。     

关于官德及其建设的思考

官德(即党政干部道德)既可从职业伦理的维度界定,也可从角色伦理的维度来把握;它既具政治伦理的特点,又具行政伦理的内涵。在现代法治社会,官德作为一种道德控制方式,它并不因为制约权力的法律制度体系建立健全而失去作用,它仍然是保障官员正确行使权力、实现政治和行政责任的重要机制。     

中国安乐死倡议与"道德陷阱"

针对目前我国公众中普遍认同的安乐死倡议,对于信息的误读、狭隘的感性同情或者不适用的理性经济学逻辑、对于现实社会保障有效供给严重不足的忽视,构成了现阶段安乐死倡议背后的"道德陷阱".     

Should We Be Talking About Ethics or About Morals?

This article seeks to revisit the distinction between the words ethics and morals. First, we understand the word ethics to be focused on the way we seek to live our own life, and hence to connote a relativistic and essentially subjective perspective, whereas we understand the word morals to be focused on the way we should live our lives together, especially through sensitivity to viewpoints other than our own. Second, we perceive a usefulness in such a differentiation when the ethical values of those in a dilemmatic situation are conflicted in order to prioritize moral decision making in contemporary society. We argue that in our current era, characterized by a multiplicity of faiths and by pronounced value pluralism, a philosophical basis for moral decision making needs to be clearly attuned with intersubjectivity and interconnectivity among people. It should be able to determine principles of conduct toward others, no matter how one’s own ethical values, conceptions of the good, or life choices might differ from those of others. To do this, we relocate ethical decision making away from an essentially monological reflection on our own values and purposes into a social space wherein we have an inclusive, noncoercive, and reflective dialogue.     

改造和提升小农伦理——再读马克思的《路易·波拿巴的雾月十八日》

农民在历史发展中的重要地位和伟大成绩是不容否定的,但从伦理道德的角度看,农民还存在先天缺陷和局限性,这在马克思的《路易.波拿巴的雾月十八日》有精深的论述。重读马克思的这部伟大作品,可以为我们在新的历史条件下改造农民和传统伦理中存在的落后的小农意识提供有益的启示。     

《吕氏春秋》道德心理思想探析

《吕氏春秋》包含有丰富的道德心理思想。它对构成个体道德心理的各因素、赏罚的作用、个体道德修养的途径,以及影响个体道德的众多社会因素都有深刻的认识与精辟的见解,值得今人借鉴。