The design and evaluation of a worksharing system for experimental group living

Failure to share household chores equitably may be a major cause of the high failure rate of experimental group-living arrangements. A behavioral approach to worksharing based on a point system was implemented in one experimental group and its most important components experimentally evaluated. Experiment I showed that awarding credits produced more work than not awarding credits. Experiment II showed that making credits contingent on the outcome of a detailed inspection produced more work than awarding credits noncontingently. Experiment III demonstrated that awarding rent reductions contingent on credit earnings produced more work than awarding rent reductions noncontingently. Other evaluative data suggest that the resulting living arrangement is cheaper, more effective, and more satisfactory to the residents when compared to the most popular alternative living arrangements.     

奖赏对海洛因成瘾者执行功能的影响机制

一些研究发现海洛因成瘾者奖赏失调表现为:对海洛因相关线索的注意偏向、渴求感增加,对金钱奖赏表现出"即时收益优先"的高风险决策模式和对长时收益的敏感性降低。另一些研究发现海洛因成瘾者的执行功能存在障碍。奖赏失调和执行功能障碍在成瘾物质使用的维持和复吸中起着重要作用。双重竞争模型认为奖赏和执行功能的交互作用决定着行为的结果,但是奖赏对海洛因成瘾者执行功能的影响机制还不清楚。因此,拟使用事件相关电位技术来考察海洛因相关线索和金钱奖赏对不同戒断期成瘾者执行功能的影响机制,短期(1~3个月)、长期(18个月以上)海洛因戒断者和健康对照组被比较。这不仅有助于构建完善的成瘾理论体系,还有助于确定临床戒断后复吸的风险因素和不同戒断期的治疗目标。     

Neuropharmacological aspects of adaptive pain inhibition in murine “victims” of aggression

This review outlines recent research on a subset of physiological responses in murine “victims” or aggression. In a typical resident-intruder paradigm, the detailed study of intruders has revealed that exposure to conspecific attack (and related stimuli) is associated with two forms of analgesia which appear to be integral components of the murine defensive repertoire. In response to intense/enduring attack, intruder mice display a profound, long-lasting and opioid-mediated analgesia. This reaction is highly correlated with defensive immobility and may function to reduce involuntary cues to further attack. In contrast, the inhibition of pain reactivity in mice tested immediately upon the display of defeat is less intense, shorter-lasting, non-opioid in nature and may function to facilitate active defenses such as escape. As this form of pain inhibition is also evident in intruders exposed to the scent of an aggressive male conspecific, a possible anticipatory defensive function linked to mechanisms of anxiety has been proposed. This hypothesis is supported by 1) the prevention of defeat analgesia by a range of antianxiety drugs (benzodiazepines, 5-hydroxytryptamine_1A [5-HT_1A] receptor agonists, and 5-HT₃ receptor antagonists) and 2) the effects of social defeat on behavior in the elevated plusmaze model of anxiety. These findings are discussed in relation to coping mechanisms in murine “victims” of aggression. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Confucian Dynamism,the Role of Money and Consumer Ethical Beliefs: An Exploratory Study in Taiwan

Consumer ethics is the moral principles and standards that guide consumers to determine the certain consumption behaviors are ethically right or wrong. Whereas cultural and personal dimensions are crucial constructs affecting individual ethical attitudes and behaviors, few studies consider Confucian dynamism and the role of money in consumer ethics. Confucian dynamism, a cultural dimension based on Confucianism, has played a central role in guiding moral obligations and ethics in human relations in several East Asian countries. Thus, this study tested its hypotheses using a sample of 521 respondents obtained via a systematic random sampling technique. The authors find that individuals with a higher tendency to Confucian dynamism are less tolerant of unethical practices. These findings also show that the role of money partially influences consumer ethical beliefs. Finally, we examine the impact of demographic variables and find age and education affect consideration of ethical values.     

不同浓度罗哌卡因的硬膜外镇痛效应对自然分娩的影响

观察不同浓度的罗哌卡因与固定浓度的芬太尼配伍行硬膜外自控分娩镇痛的临床效果。随机选择80例ASAI级～Ⅱ级、头位、单胎足月妊娠要求分娩镇痛的初产妇,按双盲原则分为四组。观察产妇的生命体征、疼痛程度、运动能力、感觉变化、宫缩情况、产程及分娩情况,以及产妇满意度等。不同浓度的镇痛药其镇痛效果无显著性差异。0．15％罗哌卡因与2μg／ml芬太尼混合液用于硬膜外分娩镇痛效果良好,药量适中,基本无运动及感觉阻滞,对产程及新生儿无明显影响,是较为适合用于分娩镇痛的浓度。     

多模式镇痛在幻肢痛预防中的临床研究

为探讨多模式镇痛预防截肢后幻肢痛的临床效果。选择50例下肢截肢患者,随机分为2组,试验组（Ⅰ组）和对照组（Ⅱ组）,观察患者疼痛评分,患者自控镇痛按压次数,使用其他镇痛药物的情况,记录所有的不良反应及幻肢痛发生率。结果显示,镇痛评分,Ⅱ组高于Ⅰ组（P〈0．01）;PCA按压次数,Ⅱ组多于Ⅰ组（P〈0．01）;不良反应发生率Ⅱ组高于Ⅰ组（P〈0．01）;Ⅱ组幻肢痛发生率明显高于Ⅰ组（P〈0．01）。采取多模式镇痛预防幻肢痛是安全有效的。     

急腹症疼痛管理新观念——早期止痛

从早期止痛的意义,早期止痛的依据以及传统止痛观念的成因等三个方面论述急腹症早期止痛的必要性和合理性,并探讨早期止痛的策略。提醒医务人员要更新观念,对急腹症患者应尽早实施止痛干预。