网络广告的心理传播效果及其理论探讨

网络广告现已得到众多商家的重视与青睐。研究发现, 网络广告的心理传播效果明显受到广告自身特点(如网络广告的形式、互动性、情感元素、产品类型)、受众状态(如受众的期待、卷入度、先前经验、性别)、以及网络环境等因素的影响。学者们利用修正的精细加工可能性模型、互动广告模型、网络广告心理效果模型等对该类广告效应进行理论解释。但现有研究也依然存在一些问题, 如影响因素有待拓展、研究方法有待创新、因变量指标有待规范、理论总结不力等。     

Treatment of self-restraint associated with the application of protective equipment

The current investigation assessed the effectiveness of protective equipment, specifically arm splints, in reducing the occurrence of severe self-injurious behavior (SIB). Although the protective equipment reduced rates of SIB to near-zero levels, self-restraint subsequently emerged. In an attempt to reduce self-restraint while maintaining reductions in SIB, we provided noncontingent access to preferred stimuli. The presentation of preferred stimuli along with the use of protective equipment reduced both the rate of SIB and the duration of self-restraint.     

Associations of depression,anxiety and PTSD with neurological disability and cognitive impairment in survivors of moyamoya disease

Depression, anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are common complications of cerebrovascular diseases. However, they were seldom explored in Moyamoya Disease (MMD) survivors. In this study, we measured the prevalence of depression, anxiety and PTSD in MMD survivors. We evaluated the association of mental disorders with neurological disability and cognitive impairment, and further find out the independent protective and risk factors of neurological disability and cognitive impairment. In MMD survivors, the prevalence of these three mental disorders is high, 46.7% for depression, 50% for anxiety and 47.5% for PTSD. Anxiety and PTSD were significantly associated with more severe neurological disability (p = 0.039 and < 0.001); depression and anxiety were significantly associated with greater cognitive deficiency (p = 0.004 and 0.002). We further found PTSD was the only risk factor associated with neurological disability, and the corresponding odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) was 81.74 (9.91–674.17); depression and anxiety were risk factors associated with cognitive impairment, and the corresponding OR and 95%CI were 2.73 (1.10–6.81) and 3.37 (1.29–8.78). Therefore, these three mental disorders were associated with more severe neurological disability and greater cognitive deficiency in MMD survivors.     

2006年大同市大型医疗设备利用状况调查

为全面掌握大同市大型医疗设备的拥有量、分布、使用率等资料,为编制大同市大型医疗设备配置规划提供科学依据,本文采用普查法,对大同市大型医疗设备的相关资料进行调查。调查发现大同市大型医疗设备配置过量,分布不合理,利用率普遍较低,空转现象较为突出,且市区医院与县郊区医院大型医疗设备的利用率差异较大。     

The influence of parent-child relationship on young adolescents' use of safety equipment. The Norwegian Longitudinal Health Behavior Study

The purpose of this longitudinal study was to examine the extent to which the parent-child relationship, as perceived by young adolescents at age 13, may account for the use of various types of safety equipment at age 13 and 14 in terms of seat belts, bicycle helmets, motorcycle helmets when passenger, reflectors on the clothing when outside in the dark, and lifejackets when on board small boats. Parental influence was assessed in terms of three scales: Parental support, parental monitoring of the youngsters, and opposition towards the parents, with satisfactory internal consistencies (alphas >0.78). The results showed that each of the three constructs significantly accounted for an independent portion of the variance in the use of safety equipment measures. In sum they accounted for 20% of the variance in the use of safety equipment at age 13, and about 10% at age 14. The findings are discussed with regard to the implications for accident prevention measures aimed at young people.     

Testing a modified cognitive interview with category clustering recall in Iran

The cognitive interview (CI) has been an effective method for interviewing eyewitnesses often leading to changes in legislation and practice in many countries. This study was the first to employ the CI in Iran and test whether category clustering recall (CCR) was superior to a free recall when incorporated within an investigative interview. A between‐subjects design assigned 66 participants to one of three interview conditions after they watched a mock robbery. The participants were interviewed 48 hr later using either a structured interview (SI), the CI, or a modified cognitive interview (MCI) that replaced free recall with CCR at the first retrieval attempt. Analysis of variance suggests CCR was more effective than free recall and the CI group recalled more information than the SI group, replicating the CI superiority effect. This has implications for law enforcement in Iran and worldwide by suggesting these techniques can be used to enhance recall.     

FOOD ETHICS: A CRITIQUE OF SOME ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVES ON GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOOD

This article critiques some Islamic approaches to food ethics and the debate over genetically modified (GM) food. Food ethics is a branch of bioethics, and is an emerging field in Islamic bioethics. The article critically analyzes the arguments of the authors who wrote in favor of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) from an Islamic perspective, and those who wrote against GMOs, also from an Islamic perspective. It reveals the theological and the epistemological foundations of the two main approaches. Moreover, it provides an attempt to critique what is perceived as an exclusivist and legalistic trend adopted by some authors. It argues that an alternative approach that acknowledges the priority of reason in ethics and is at the same time rooted in Islamic tradition would be more inclusive and constructive.     

ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL VARIABLES WHEN AN INITIAL FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS INDICATES AUTOMATIC REINFORCEMENT AS THE MAINTAINING VARIABLE FOR SELF‐INJURIOUS BEHAVIOR

Self‐injurious behavior (SIB) that occurs at high rates across all conditions of a functional analysis can suggest automatic or multiple functions. In the current study, we conducted a functional analysis for 1 individual with SIB. Results indicated that SIB was, at least in part, maintained by automatic reinforcement. Further analyses using protective equipment (i.e., a helmet with face shield) revealed an attention function for the SIB.     

The use of observation in the psychoanalytic treatment of a 12-year-old boy with Asperger's syndrome

The author describes some aspects of a once-weekly psychoanalytic psychotherapy of a 12-year-old boy diagnosed with Asperger's syndrome. The patient's emotional and cognitive development had been impaired since early life, possibly due to an internal deficit and to the likelihood of inadequate environmental holding. He was unaware of having difficulties but was underachieving academically, was socially isolated and often visibly unhappy in his life. The patient's denial, splitting, and projection of emotion and insight presented the therapist with the difficult task of how to reach him. In order to communicate with him emotionally, the therapist created a modified technique which reflected the patient's development from part-object to whole-object relationships. This development became apparent in the sessions and was interpreted in the transference relationship. An account of the patient's early years was pieced together from a detailed commentary of what was being observed and intuited by the therapist during the sessions, as well as by an understanding of the countertransference. By the end of two years' treatment, the patient's sensitivity and creativity, which had been buried beneath a self-sufficient, autistic-like encapsulation, finally began to emerge in his communications with his therapist.     

Evaluating the effects of physical reactions on aggression via concurrent‐operant analyses

Under naturally occurring conditions, the individual who is the target of aggression is likely to physically react to evade the aggressor and avoid physical harm. Like other forms of attention that occur following problem behavior, physical reactions may maintain problem behavior. However, evaluating the effects of physical reactions is complicated by issues related to therapists' ability to consistently and safely control their reactions, which may prove difficult to achieve in functional analyses. We evaluated the utility of a concurrent‐operant analysis to test behavioral sensitivity to physical reactions. The results suggest that the concurrent‐operant analysis may be useful when therapists cannot consistently refrain from responding contingent on problem behavior in the control condition of a more typical functional analysis.