Philosophy in the Act: The Socio-Political Relevance of Mamardašvili’s Philosophizing

Although topics in social and political philosophy might not be the first to associate with Mamarda?vili, it is argued in this paper that key concepts in his thought, viz. the concepts of form, thought, and culture come together, in the 1980s in particular, in a notion of civil society that goes deeper than that of many of his contemporaries. The relevance of his philosophy at this point is intensified by the specific nature of Soviet philosophical culture, but, it is argued, extends well beyond that, fully justifying his honorary title of “Georgian Socrates”.     

Three Arguments For Scientific Freedom

The principle of scientific freedom is usually taken forgranted; few attempts have been made to justify it systematically. The present paper discusses three “classic” arguments, which are used to justify this principle. However, it will become clear that (a) each argument refers to a different understanding of science and therefore justifies a different type of science, and that (b) each of them is based on assumptions which are not always consistent with the social reality of scientific research; the profound changes science has undergone since its inception are not sufficiently taken into account.     

The Christology of St Anthony of Padua: content and method

In 1946 St Anthony of Padua (1195–1231) was declared a Doctor of the Church, recognised for his profound learning. Whereas much has been written about St Anthony, very little of it concerns his profound learning – and so it is not inappropriate to ask wherein this learning lies. Reading St Anthony reveals Christological concerns to be at the heart of his work and in this paper the author explores and clarifies his position. However, anyone looking for new and exciting Christological insights is likely to be disappointed, for St Anthony is entirely orthodox and traditional, although we should not only consider the content of his work, but his ‘method’ too. The way that the saint presents doctrine, and the inferences he draws from it, has much to be commended. Indeed, St Anthony may well be contrasted with those modern theologians who, it has been suggested, have rather lost track of what it is they are really doing.     

A Critical Appraisal of Amish Studies’ De Facto Paradigm, “Negotiating with Modernity”

The predominant paradigm for Amish research over the past three decades has been “negotiating with modernity” (NWM). NWM explains how the Amish as a distinctive American culture and religion have overcome the threats modernity poses to their existence. This article argues that NWM has been accepted and replicated uncritically and without empirical testing due to properties making it inherently untestable. We first synthesize the central NWM literature, as the paradigm has never been fully constructed in one place. We then call attention to two sets of impairments that prevent empirical tests. First, the perspective contains several logical fallacies and terminology problems. NWM reifies “the Amish” as its unit of analysis; creates circular variable relationships (the Amish are Amish because they are not something else); employs terms problematically, notably “modernity” and “modernization”; dichotomizes phenomena; and is grounded in no particular theoretical tradition. Second, we argue that the production of knowledge within core NWM literature has not been sufficiently substantiated. Data collection procedures and methodological strategies are unclear or undefined and scientific peer review is relatively low. We conclude by suggesting more promising theoretical directions for Amish studies.     

测谎者的无意识加工对谎言识别的影响

在谎言识别研究中, 最重要的发现之一就是人们在意识层面上识别谎言的正确率仅仅略高于随机水平。于是, 大量的研究转而考察无意识加工对谎言识别的影响。本文从测谎者的角度出发, 考察测谎者的无意识加工是否可以提高其谎言识别的正确率。本文梳理了关于无意识谎言识别的理论建构, 总结了无意识谎言识别的实证研究, 从无意识的信息接收、信息接收后的无意识思维以及无意识判断决策三个方面详细介绍了近年来的重要的成果和主要的争议。针对目前研究的困境, 本文提出未来的研究应该重点关注理论建构、交互式谎言情境、线索加工匹配效应、测试生理和脑激活指标以及无意识谎言识别的应用等五个方面。     

IS THEOLOGY RESPECTABLE AS METAPHYSICS?

Theology involves inquiry into God's nature, God's purposes, and whether certain experiences or pronouncements come From God. These inquiries are metaphysical, part of theology's concern with the veridicality of signs and realities that are independent from humans. Several research programs concerned with the relation between theology and science aim to secure theology's intellectual standing as a metaphysical discipline by showing that it satisfies criteria that make modern science reputable, on the grounds that modern science embodies contemporary canons of respectability for metaphysical disciplines. But, no matter the ways in which theology qua metaphysics is shown to resemble modern science, these research programs seem destined for failure. For, given the currently dominant approaches to understanding modern scientific epistemology, theological reasoning is crucially dissimilar to modern scientific reasoning in that it treats the existence of God as a certainty immune to refutation. Barring the development of an epistemology of modern science that is amenable to theology, theology as metaphysics is intellectually disreputable.     

Intimate Distance: Rethinking the Unthought God in Christianity

The work of the French philosopher Jean-Luc Nancy shares with the thinkers of the ‘theological turn in phenomenology’ the programmatic desire to place the ‘theological’, in the broad sense of rethinking the religious traditions in our secular time, back on the agenda of critical thought. Like those advocating a theological turn in phenomenology, Nancy’s deconstructive approach to philosophical analysis aims to develop a new sensibility for the other, for transcendence, conceptualized as the non-apparent in the realm of appearing phenomena. This is why Nancy launches a project looking for the ‘unthought’ and unexpected within the Christian traditions, called deconstruction of Christianity. However, the deconstructive approach to the non-apparent differs fundamentally from that of the thinkers of the turn (1) in its being non-apologetic and non-restorative with regard to religion, because it starts from a problematization of the—typically modern, that is romantic—desire to defend and protect what would be ‘lost’ and possibly to restore this, (2) in its focus on the complex difference-at-work (différance) between religion and secularism, a difference that can be termed entanglement and complicity between these two, (3) in its hypothesis that this entanglement is essentially one between (the meaning and experience of, the rituality around) presence and absence in modern culture, (4) in its conviction that the philosophy and history of culture must join, support, complete and maybe even turn around phenomenology when dealing with the difficult task of determining what exactly would be ‘left’ of the ‘theological’ in our time. In this article, both positions are compared and confronted further, leading to an account of Nancy’s re-readings of the Christian legacy (its theology, doctrine, art, rituals etc.), and ending in a more detailed, exemplary inquiry into the tension between distance and proximity, characteristic of the Christian God.

腰椎间盘突出症患者MED术前心理状态调查与分析

为了研究腰椎间盘突出症患者行MED微创治疗前的心理状况,对442例行MED手术治疗的患者应用焦虑自评量表（SAS）、抑郁自评量表（SDS）进行术前心理评估。结果显示MED微创治疗前患者SAS、SDS测量分明显高于常模组。患者性别、年龄、婚姻状况、文化程度、病程长短等都与心理状况的改变相关。有34.9%的患者SAS得分和36.7%的患者SDS得分显示阳性。因此,临床骨科医师应重视心理因素的作用,在MED术前应对患者进行心理状况评估,并对心理状况较差的患者进行术前干预,才能取得更好的临床疗效。     

论医学思维和法律思维的差异

医学思维和法律思维是两种不同的思维方式。在卫生法律的实施过程中,经常会遇到这两种思维方式相互冲突的现象。究其原因,在于医学思维和法律思维之间存在的差异。认清差异、分析成因、寻求处置思路和办法对于正确处理医疗纠纷、和谐医患关系具有重要意义。     

略论“协和模式”的形成及其社会影响

北京协和医学院在中国现代医学史上占有重要的历史地位,对于我国医学教育和医疗卫生事业发展起到了不可忽视的推动作用。它在办学实践过程中形成了一套颇具特色的医学教育模式,培养出大批杰出的科研专家、学者和医疗工作者,为中国现代医学发展和医疗卫生制度建设做出了杰出贡献,积累了宝贵经验。