A systematic evaluation of token economies as a classroom management tool for students with challenging behavior

A two-part systematic review was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of token economies in increasing rates of appropriate classroom behavior for students demonstrating behavioral difficulties. The first part of the review utilized the recently published What Works Clearinghouse (WWC) standards for evaluating single-subject research to determine the extent to which eligible studies demonstrated sufficient evidence to classify the token economy as an evidence-based practice. The second part of the review employed meta-analytic techniques across four different types of effect sizes to evaluate the quantitative strength of the findings. Methodological strengths and weaknesses across the studies were systematically investigated. Results indicated that the extant research on token economies does not provide sufficient evidence to be deemed best-practice based on the WWC criteria.     

传教士对中国近代医学的贡献

传教士在中国近代的医疗活动促进了西医的传播和发展,培养了医学人才;借鉴了国外管理体制,提供了医学教育模式;发扬了医生职业道德,解除了人民疾苦;建立了乡村医疗网,揭开了中国近代公共卫生事业的序幕。     

骨科学的新进展及其在治疗中的应用

现代各学科的交叉和融汇已经使骨科的临床诊疗技术有了革命性的进展,医学各学科之间以及医学与其它学科之间的交叉引用、促进发展体现了哲学体系中“综合”的概念。通过对近年来骨科发展的一些新思路的浅见来窥探综合理念在本领域应用的前景,试图阐明从学科交叉寻找合理且有前景的增长点也是未来骨科发展的必由之路。     

从传统针灸学到现代针灸学——针灸现代化50年之回顾

现代针灸学的理论基础不同于传统针灸学,前者是以运用现代科学技术、方法对相关问题的研究所获取的现代科学意义上的规律作为指导理论,机理的阐明完全立足于现代科学意义的相关知识体系,并以神经一内分泌一免疫网络学说及针灸效应的四大规律为该体系的理论核心;而传统针灸学则是以阴阳五行学说、脏腑气血学说、经络学说等为基本理论;在临床上,现代针灸学充分利用现代诊疗技术和方法,以辨病为主导,针刺手法注重的是强弱刺激与针刺效应的关系;而传统针灸学则是借助四诊八纲以辨证为主导,针刺手法强调的是补泻。     

How the interplay of imagined contact and first-person narratives improves attitudes toward stigmatized immigrants: A conditional process model

This article assesses the mechanisms whereby first-person narratives featuring stigmatized immigrants improve outgroup attitudes and encourage intergroup contact among prejudiced individuals. We rely on a 2 (imagined contact vs. control) × 2 (similar vs. dissimilar message protagonist) experiment on a systematic sample of native British adults. Results show that encouraging imagined contact prior to reading a short testimonial featuring an immigrant protagonist who is similar to the recipients in terms of social identity enhances identification with the protagonist, thereby improving outgroup attitudes and encouraging intergroup contact, and especially strongly among those who are prejudiced toward immigrants (i.e., high on modern racism). Theoretical and practical implications of the findings for the work on imagined contact, narrative persuasion, and identification, as well as for public communication campaigns, are discussed.     

大学生学校心理环境问卷的编制

目的:探索大学生学校心理环境的结构并进行问卷编制。方法:通过文献分析、现状分析和专家讨论形成问卷初始结构。在两次试测后,以262名大学生为正式样本进行因素分析、信效度分析和多元概化理论分析。结果:大学生学校心理环境结构包括:师生关系、同学关系、集体活动、专业发展、资源和制度与秩序六个因素。问卷的验证性因素分析结果表明,六因素模型和二阶因子模型拟合度均良好。结论:大学生学校心理环境问卷具有良好的信效度指标,可以作为大学生学校心理环境的测量工具。     

The concept of reflection: a systematic review and thematic synthesis across professional contexts

Reflection is widely endorsed by professional bodies and practitioners are required to document professional learning to evidence standards of professionalism. Due to the lack of a consensual definition for reflection, there is confusion regarding ‘what reflection is’. Prior to the development of an empirical evidence base that explores reflection, it is important to develop a consensually agreed concept and definition to guide experimental research. The aim of this systematic review is to understand the concept of reflection by performing a synthesis of existing conceptually oriented qualitative studies. Fourteen sources were included in a thematic synthesis that resulted in the construction of four analytical themes: cognitive, integrative, iterative and active. These themes were explored in relation to existing research and a novel definition of reflection was proposed. It is hoped that this review will encourage further enquiry into the concept and process of reflection.     

The Semantics of Wisdom in the Philosophy of Tang Junyi: Between Transformative Knowledge and Transcendental Reflexivity

In this article, I offer a provisional analysis of the philosophical semantics of “wisdom” in the thought of the New Confucian thinker Tang Junyi. I begin by providing some pointers concerning the concept of wisdom in general and situating the discourse on wisdom in comparative philosophy in the context of the later Foucault’s and Pierre Hadot’s historical investigations into ancient Graeco-Roman philosophy as a mode of spiritual self-cultivation and self-transformation. In the remainder of the paper, I try to describe and think through what Foucault identifies as a “Cartesian moment,” in which self-knowledge becomes the ultimate precondition for the ethico-spiritual project of “caring for the self,” in Tang’s approach of wisdom. In the course of my argument, I outline the complex relation between his vision of a renewed Confucian mode of religious practice on the one hand and his philosophical presuppositions concerning the transcendental status of subjectivity and the reflexivity of consciousness on the other.     

Questions for a Millennium: Religion and Science from the Perspective of a Scientist

This essay addresses a series of eight questions about what religion can do for science. It explores the secular role of religion in contemporary science and the need for greater synthesis between science and religion. It concludes that, for survival in the twenty-first century, religion cannot exist without acknowledging and using the enormous information pool of science, and science can no longer shun or ignore religion. Humankind will always need the large, synthetic explanations that religion provides of why we are here and what we ought to do and believe. The world needs to mark this new millennium with a sense of respect, cooperation, and even synthesis between science and religion.     

现代医学存在自身缺陷的依据、原因、现象及其后果

目的 探讨现代医学理论体系存在的自身缺陷、根本原因和现象以及由此而产生的后果。方法 明确指出现代医学的理论主体就是实验医学,指出现代医学理论体系所存在的自身缺陷是由于过于依赖实验医学的研究方法而造成的,通过对世界医学发展史上医学与哲学之间关系上的变化进行深入分析,全面阐述了现代医学在对人体研究上的片面性和不完整性,指出现代医学理论之所以存在自身缺陷的根本原因就是没有科学地认识实验医学和经验医学各自的优点并加以合理地利用,列举了现代医学理论存在自身缺陷在基础与临床方面的具体现象及其后果。结论 现代医学理论体系存在着难以自我完善的自身缺陷,并使其发展举步维艰。