The effects of priming legal concepts on perceived trust and competitiveness, self-interested attitudes, and competitive behavior

Socio-legal scholars have suggested that, as a ubiquitous social system, law shapes social reality and provides interpretive frameworks for social relations. Across five studies, we tested the idea that the law shapes social reality by fostering the assumptions that people are self-interested, untrustworthy, and competitive. In Studies 1 and 2, we found that people implicitly associated legal concepts with competitiveness. Studies 3-5 showed that these associations had implications for social perceptions, self-interested attitudes, and competitive behavior. After being primed with constructs related to the law, participants perceived social actors as less trustworthy and the situation as more competitive (Study 3), became more against a political issue when it conflicted with their normative self-interest (Study 4), and made more competitive choices during a prisoner’s dilemma game when they believed that social relations were basically zero-sum in nature (Study 5). The implications and applications of these results are discussed.     

Matching in an undisturbed natural human environment

Data from the Oregon Youth Study, consisting of the verbal behavior of 210 adolescent boys determined to be at risk for delinquency (targets) and 210 of their friends (peers), were analyzed for their conformance to the complete family of matching theory equations in light of recent findings from the basic science, and using recently developed analytic techniques. Equations of the classic and modern theories of matching were fitted as ensembles to rates and time allocations of the boys' rule-break and normative talk obtained from conversations between pairs of boys. The verbal behavior of each boy in a conversation was presumed to be reinforced by positive social responses from the other boy. Consistent with recent findings from the basic science, the boys' verbal behavior was accurately described by the modern but not the classic theory of matching. These findings also add support to the assertion that basic principles and processes that are known to govern behavior in laboratory experiments also govern human social behavior in undisturbed natural environments.     

意识新论

重新思考审视意识的特性：（1）意识是生命的重要组成。（2）在经典物理学领域,意识是生命的独特功能。在量子物理学领域,意识是宇宙万物的特性,以规则、意义和规律来表达。（3）意识包含精神与物质两种性状,但同时也是非物质非精神的。（4）意识可以穿越不同的时空。（5）意识能够产生能量。（6）意识可以分成四大类。（7）不同机体的意识可以相互交流。（8）意识可以遗传。（9）意识永恒存在。（10）意识可以因各种原因被重叠、掩盖或者忘记（意识非记忆）,但是在一定情况下,可以重新被发掘出来。     

Changes in the sense of agency during hypnosis: The Hungarian version of the Sense of Agency Rating Scale (SOARS-HU) and its relationship with phenomenological aspects of consciousness

Changes in the sense of agency are defining feature of hypnosis. The Sense of Agency Rating Scale (SOARS) is a 10-item questionnaire, administered after a hypnosis session to assess alteration in the sense of agency. In the present study, a Hungarian version of the measure (SOARS-HU) is presented. The SOARS-HU and the Phenomenology of Consciousness Inventory (PCI) were administered to 197 subjects following hypnotizability screening with the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form A (HGSHS:A). Confirmatory factor analysis and correlations with hypnotizability demonstrate the reliability and validity of the SOARS-HU. Changes in the Involuntariness and Effortlessness subscales of the SOARS-HU were associated with alterations in subjective conscious experience, as measured by the PCI. These changes in subjective experience remained significant after controlling for HGSHS:A scores. These results indicate that changes in the sense of agency during hypnosis are associated with alterations of consciousness that are independent of hypnotizability.     

Assessing pain in patients with chronic disorders of consciousness: Are we heading in the right direction?

The deterioration of sensory-motor integration within the pain matrix in patients with chronic Disorders of Consciousness (DoC) is one of the principal mechanisms responsible for non-conscious pain perception. The present study aimed to assess whether the variability in the inter-peak interval (IPI) between the N2 and P2 components of laser evoked potentials (LEP) could represent an objective marker of the behavioral responsiveness to nociceptive stimulation, as measured by the Nociception Coma Scale-Revised (NCS-R), and regardless of the sensory part of pain processing. We found that only IPI variability showed a significant correlation with NCS-R score, independently of the stimulation intensity (that influences the sensory part of pain processing). It was thus concluded that IPI variability might represent an objective measure of pain processing, which may help clinicians in the development of effective pain management strategies.     

患者主体意识在现代医学语境中的价值困境分析

患者主体意识在现代医学语境中出现了话语权的失落和自证困难,这可能引起患者的不满。对主客二分的生物医学模式教条和僵化的运用是这一困境产生的主要原因。临床医生仍习惯于将疾病作狭义的生物学理解,造成了对患者主观陈述的轻视。若想突破困境,需要认识到医学具有科学和治疗手段的不同属性,在临床中加强医生对患者的理解与尊重,回归病人的真实世界,构建医患的共同决策环境,借鉴传统中医学身心一体的哲学思想,积极转换理念,探索新的路径。     

近代西医传播中的商业动因——以清末《博医会报》中的医药广告为例

对晚清时期《博医会报》中的医药广告及其传播内容进行分析研究, 认识其在西医传播中的作用。《博医会报》上医药广告所传播的内容在全国有相当高的地位, 它更是展现了西医传播的重要历史文献资料。通过原始文献考证及文本分析, 了解广告在对医学知识、卫生观念、医疗技术的传播具有显著的影响, 同时它也通过医药商业, 改变着人们的医疗观念与就医寻药的行为。揭示它们在近代西方医学传播中的作用, 探寻近代西医传播过程中商业动因的影响。     

论医学人文观的历史变迁及其现代特征

医学人文观是关于医学人文的基本认识和根本看法。医学具有科学与人文双重属性。医学人文观反映和概括医学的人文属性。医学人文观在医学发展的不同阶段具有不同的历史形态,医学人文观的历史变迁折射医学发展的脉络和走向,现代医学人文观的形成有其特定的社会、科学和历史背景。现代医学人文观的主要特征：以“人性”为支点统一事实与价值;以科学与人文双重属性规定现代医学的性质;以自身的整体性和系统性介入现代医学体系;以增强现代医疗公平性为价值指向;以维护和促进现代医学的进步为己任。

     

现代社会中医患沟通视野下的医学涵义

现代社会派生出许多新生事物,对医学与医疗影响深远。其中,医患沟通作为当今中国医学界高度重视的新概念与新行为,与现代医学模式相吻合,引发出医患双方的共同目标——健康生存,进而推导出现代医学内涵及定义。