早期现代哲学中的语言问题

The view of language is greatly changed from early modern philosophy to later modern philosophy and to postmodern philosophy. The linguistic question in early modern philosophy, which is characterized by rationalism and empiricism, is discussed in this paper. Linguistic phenomena are not at the center of philosophical reflections in early modern philosophy. The subject of consciousness is at the center of the philosophy, which makes language serve purely as an instrument for representing thoughts. Locke, Leibniz and Descartes consider language from a representationalist point of view. To them, language itself is idealized and represents thought as if it were thought representing itself. Like the structural linguist Saussure, the founders of phenomenology and analytical philosophy give much attention to the logical or static structure of language, and stick up for the representationalism of early modern philosophy. However, their successors refuse to accept this attitude, meaning the final collapse of representationalism. Translated by Cui Zengbao and Yang Dachun from Zhexue Yanjiu 哲学研究 (Philosophical Research), 2007, (8): 62–67     

Evangelicalism

Abstract : The evangelical ethos gives priority to grace over works and is shaped by its irrepressible missionary impulse; faith is existential rather than merely conceptual. The early roots of evangelicalism through the modern period are discussed, and put in context with other movements that grew out of the Reformation. The goal of Christian evangelizing is the creation of a person whose life bears witness to the authenticity of faith.     

中国近代心理学史上的丁韪良及其《性学举隅》

传教士丁韪良出于借心理学来传播宗教的目的在1898年出版了《性学举隅》, 这是融入了许多西方科学心理学知识的中文心理学著作。中国最早开设心理学课程的登州文会馆的两名毕业生在丁韪良撰写《性学举隅》过程中进行了笔述工作。丁韪良曾为益智书会撰写心理学教材但未完成, 益智书会转而出版了颜永京的《心灵学》(上本)。以丁韪良及其《性学举隅》为纽带, 19世纪后半叶中国近代心理学发展进程中的几个重要事件构成了一副较完整的历史图景, 反映出中国近代心理学的发展与宗教传播有着密切联系。《性学举隅》吸收了当时西方心理学前沿性的生理心理学知识, 向中国引介了催眠术和颅相学知识, 并对中国的“五官说”、“七情说”进行了修正与补充, 同时也借用了汉字的造字法来阐述其部分心理学观点。由于丁韪良向中国传播心理学是其宣传宗教思想的手段之一, 而颜永京译述海文原著的《心灵学》更倾向于向中国传播心理学这一学科, 强调了心理学与众多学科的联系和应用价值, 因此丁韪良在心理学术语创制上的历史功绩要逊于颜永京。颜永京于1882年将psychology翻译为“心才学”, 这是目前发现心理学学科的最早汉语翻译名称。     

双语双文教学促进小学生数学能力发展的研究

采用测量法,考察了我国西南部缺乏汉语环境的少数民族地区,双语双文教学方式对小学生数学能力发展的影响。结果表明,双语双文教学在一定程度上促进了小学生数学能力的发展,这种促进作用主要表现在学生对数学概念的掌握和运用上。小学四年级和五年级阶段这种促进作用明显,但到六年级促进作用减弱。     

经济全球化下中国传统家庭消费伦理观的嬗变

中国传统家庭消费伦理观良莠并存;现代社会消费伦理观优劣同在。面对经济全球化下中国传统家庭消费伦理观的嬗变,我们应该坚持马克思主义批判继承的原则,通过扬善弃恶,去伪存真,融汇整合,构建出既有历史传统又有时代气息,既有民族性特点,又面向世界当代中国家庭消费伦理观,从而实现传统家庭消费伦理观的现代转型。     

法制环境下的现代医学--一个必须面对的新问题

法制社会强调医疗行为的合法性.强调现代医学的法制环境主要目的是规范医疗行为,合法行医,和谐医患关系和防止医学科学技术的异化造成伦理和社会危机.法制医学对医务人员的责任要求包括:强制责任(救治责任)、民事责任、刑事责任、诉讼的举证责任和医疗免责条件.     

当代民众信仰状况与社会安定意识相关研究

信仰是个人深层的、稳定的行为导向体系,是人的精神世界的核心。本研究根据信仰的内容,将信仰划分为物质信仰、精神信仰、伦理信仰、国家社会信仰和宗教神灵信仰。从天津市选取不同职业、不同年龄段的被试745名,对他们的信仰状况与社会安定意识状况进行调查研究,结果表明：民众的社会安定意识与其物质、宗教神灵信仰有非常显著的负相关,与其精神、国家社会信仰有非常显著的正相关。多元回归分析结果表明：影响社会安定意识的因素为保障制度不健全、对挫折的不良反应、社会治安状况差、官员腐败、分配不公、责任外归因。     

中小学教师情绪工作策略及特性与工作满意度的关系研究

以情绪工作的资源守恒为理论基础, 通过问卷调查, 探讨了368名中小学教师情绪工作策略及其特性与工作满意度的关系。结果发现:①表面行为策略与工作满意度负相关显著, 主动深度行为策略和被动深度行为策略与工作满意度正相关显著。②情绪表达多样性和持久性与工作满意度负相关显著, 并与表面行为策略成正相关显著, 与被动深度行为策略负相关显著;③表面行为策略在情绪表达多样性对工作满意度的影响起部分中介作用, 被动深度行为策略在情绪表达多样性对工作满意度的影响中起完全中介作用。     

生态伦理视野中的儒道思想

儒道二家提出的生态伦理思想构成了传统伦理生态文明观的核心,他们在生态环境问题上表现出的智慧和远见卓识,直至今日令我们赞叹不已。这些深邃的思考既展现了圣人先哲独特的生存智慧,又为我们提供了应对现代生态挑战可资借鉴的思想资源。只要我们充分利用儒道传统生态伦理观的优势和长处,并及时赋予新的时代内容,对实现人类与自然的和谐相处、建立现代生态文明是大有裨益的。     

Transformations in dreaming and characters in the psychoanalytic field1,2

Having reviewed certain similarities and differences between the various psychoanalytic models (historical reconstruction/development of the container and of the mind's metabolic and transformational function; the significance to be attributed to dream‐type material; reality gradients of narrations; tolerability of truth/lies as polar opposites; and the form in which characters are understood in a psychoanalytic session), the author uses clinical material to demonstrate his conception of a session as a virtual reality in which the central operation is transformation in dreaming (de‐construction, de‐concretization, and re‐dreaming), accompanied in particular by the development of this attitude in both patient and analyst as an antidote to the operations of transformation in hallucinosis that bear witness to the failure of the functions of meaning generation. The theoretical roots of this model are traced in the concept of the field and its developments as a constantly expanding oneiric holographic field; in the developments of Bion's ideas (waking dream thought and its derivatives, and the patient as signaller of the movements of the field); and in the contributions of narratology (narrative transformations and the transformations of characters and screenplays). Stress is also laid on the transition from a psychoanalysis directed predominantly towards contents to a psychoanalysis that emphasizes the development of the instruments for dreaming, feeling, and thinking. An extensive case history and a session reported in its entirety are presented so as to convey a living impression of the ongoing process, in the consulting room, of the unsaturated co‐construction of an emotional reality in the throes of continuous transformation. The author also describes the technical implications of this model in terms of forms of interpretation, the countertransference, reveries, and, in particular, how the analyst listens to the patient's communications. The paper ends with an exploration of the concepts of grasping (in the sense of clinging to the known) and casting (in relation to what is as yet undefined but seeking representation and transformation) as a further oscillation of the minds of the analyst and the patient in addition to those familiar from classical psychoanalysis.