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151.
The fields of cognitive neuroscience and neuropsychology have contributed an extensive corpus of research to the study of
error monitoring processes in younger adults; however, less is known about error handling in older adults. This paper highlights
current conceptualizations of error detection and correction in healthy and impaired older adult populations. The literature
suggests that some error handling processes require fewer processing resources than others and may be performed relatively
automatically. Compared with young adults, older adults demonstrate a reduced ability to recognize errors, but exhibit similar
rates of correction. Older adults diagnosed with a neurodegenerative disease (e.g. Alzheimer’s disease) show a reduced ability
to detect and correct their action errors. Thus, neurodegenerative disease processes amplify the impairments in error identification
associated with normal aging by disrupting both automatic and controlled error corrections. The clinical implications of our
current knowledge are discussed, and directions for future neuropsychological research are offered.
相似文献
Tania GiovannettiEmail: |
152.
该文分析了强迫症患者在现实监控、知道感、元认知信念和责任控制等方面的研究,发现缺乏对不同类型强迫症元认知差异的研究、被试选取的典型性和代表型有待提高,现实监控障碍的身心原因尚不明确、责任-控制障碍形成的机制研究不足.指出元认知干预的强迫症治疗范式、强迫症与其他精神症元认知障碍的比较、强迫症元认知的认知神经科学探索和强迫性网络使用的元认知机制等是未来研究的趋势. 相似文献
153.
Steffen Moritz Claudia Ruhe Lena Jelinek Dieter Naber 《Behaviour research and therapy》2009,47(4):308-8
A large body of literature suggests that some symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) result from mnemonic dysfunctions. The present study tested various formulations of the memory deficit hypothesis considering important moderators, such as depression and response slowing. Thirty-two OCD patients and 32 healthy controls were presented verbal or nonverbal instructions for actions (e.g. simple gestures). These actions should either be performed or imagined. For recognition, previously presented as well as novel actions were displayed. Decisions had to be made whether an action was previously displayed (verbally vs. nonverbally) or not and whether an action was performed or imagined (internal source memory). Moreover, both judgments required confidence ratings. Groups did not differ in memory accuracy and metamemory for verbally presented material. Patients displayed some impairment for nonverbally presented material and imagined instructions, which, however, could be fully accounted for by response slowing and depressive symptoms. The study challenges the view that primary memory deficits underlie OCD or any of its subtypes. We claim that research should move forward from the mere study of objective impairment to the assessment of cognitive performance in conjunction with personality traits such as inflated responsibility. 相似文献
154.
Oliver Gruber Tobias Melcher Esther K. Diekhof Susanne Karch Peter Falkai Thomas Goschke 《Brain and cognition》2009,69(3):559-564
Background monitoring is a necessary prerequisite to detect unexpected changes in the environment, while being involved in a primary task. Here, we used fMRI to investigate the neural mechanisms that underlie adaptive goal-directed behavior in a cued task switching paradigm during real response conflict or, more generally, when expectations on the repetitive features of the environment were violated. Unexpected changes in sensory stimulus attributes in the currently unattended stimulus dimension thereby led to activations in a bilateral network comprising inferior lateral frontal, intraparietal, and posterior medial frontal brain regions, independent of whether these attributes elicited a factual response conflict or not. This fronto-parietal network may thus play an important role in adaptive responding to potentially significant events outside the current focus of attention. 相似文献
155.
Elizabeth J. Short Ph.D. Keith O. Yeates Ph.D. Lynne V. Feagans Ph.D. 《Journal of Behavioral Education》1992,2(2):105-120
Reading achievement depends in part on children's ability to employ strategies to monitor their comprehension, that is on children's use of metacognitive skills. An experimental intervention program created to foster such skills was evaluated. The story grammar training was designed to increase both strategic reading behavior and explicit, observable comprehension monitoring. Fourth-grade (N = 20) and fifth-grade (N = 16) children were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Maintenance was examined using free and probed oral recall, notetaking, and summarization of brief narrative and expository texts. Generalization was assessed through free and probed written recall of a lengthy text, which required both strategic reading and summarization skills for adequate comprehension. Skill acquisition was clearly demonstrated; trained readers were able to recall and summarize passages better than untrained readers. The evidence for generalization was more equivocal: although trained readers' free recall was significantly better than that of untrained readers, their probed recall was not. Provision of metacognitive skills that promote active comprehension monitoring, then, appears to provide children with the tools needed for independent reading. Programs designed to provide such skills may aid efforts to prevent reading failure. 相似文献
156.
Metamemory refers to knowledge about one's memory capabilities and strategies that can aid memory, as well as the processes
involved in memory self-monitoring. Although metamemory has been studied in cognitive psychology for several decades, there
have been fewer studies investigating the neuropsychology of metamemory. In recent years, a growing number of studies of neurological
patient groups have been conducted in order to investigate the neural correlates of metamemory. In this review, we examine
the neuropsychological evidence that the frontal lobes are critically involved in monitoring and control processes, which
are the central components of metamemory. The following conclusions are drawn from this literature: (1) There is a strong
correlation between indices of frontal lobe function or structural integrity and metamemory accuracy (2) The combination of
frontal lobe dysfunction and poor memory severely impairs metamemorial processes (3) Metamemory tasks vary in subject performance
levels, and quite likely, in the underlying processes these different tasks measure, and (4) Metamemory, as measured by experimental
tasks, may dissociate from basic memory retrieval processes and from global judgments of memory. 相似文献
157.
Social monitoring has been hypothesized to be an important component of primate social behavior. If the gaze direction of
one animal can redirect the gaze of another, visual scanning of conspecifics can provide a more efficient means of locating
food or predators than directly scanning the entire nonsocial environment. Social monitoring also allows distance regulation
between members of a group, reducing the likelihood of agonistic encounters. Although assessment of gaze direction in freely
moving primates is problematic, we were successful in assessing amounts of visual scanning among adult females of a captive,
socially housed group of patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) using a focal sampling technique with on-the-dot recording (5-s sampling intervals). In study 1, relative amounts of scanning
were assessed as subjects gazed at any other member of the group. Percentages of agreement between observers ranged from 80%
to 92%, with corresponding κ values ranging from 0.74 to 0.92. In study 2, relative amounts of visual scanning were assessed
so that specific targets of gaze were identified. The resultant data supported a long-standing prediction about the role of
social monitoring in primate group dynamics. Lower-ranking animals gazed toward higher-ranking animals more often than vice
versa. Although the specific cues eliciting social monitoring remain to be determined, visual attention in this social primate
group appeared to be systematically related to hierarchical ranks, assessed by displacements. Minimally, these results suggest
that patas monkeys structure their visual attention based on previous encounters with other members of their social group.
While simple discrimination learning could account for these results, the demonstration of a systematic relationship between
visual attention and primate social dynamics is relevant to current discussions of a primate’s understanding of conspecific
gaze direction.
Received: 26 January 1998 / Accepted after revision: 29 March 1998 相似文献
158.
成语中某一字出错作为应检测信号,正确成语作为噪音,实验时间为100分钟,分成五个相等的时间段。结果发现,(1)四种音形条件下平均正检率在第一时间段明显上升然后保持平稳,反应时随时间变化不显著但音异形假在第一阶段与音同形异在第五阶段的反应时间明显长于其余时间阶段。(2)四种音形条件下正检率有差异,从高到低依次为:音同形似、音同形异、音异形似、音异形假.(3)音形与时间段在正确率上无交互作用,在反应时间上存在交互作用。 相似文献
159.
Susan M. Hedges David S. Krantz Richard J. Contrada Alan R. Rozanski 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》1990,12(3):203-217
This paper describes three studies developed and providing preliminary validation for a pocket-size, self-monitoring diary suitable for use infield research on relationships among psychological states, activities, and physiological events. In the first study, a principal-components analysis of the diary's mood and cognition scales yielded three factors—negative affect, engagement, and predictability. These showed moderate concordance across two samples. In the second study, diary self-ratings of events, moods, and cognitions were shown to be meaningfully correlated with ratings made by spouse observers, providing evidence of concurrent validity of the diary. In the third study, diary ratings made by the same subjects at home, at work, and in other locations differed from each other in expected ways, providing evidence for discriminative validity. Modifications to the diary are suggested, and possible uses and limitations of the instrument are discussed.This research was supported by USUHS protocol RO7233 and a grant from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. The opinions and assertions expressed herein are those of the authors and should not be construed as reflecting those of the USUHS or the Department of Defense. 相似文献
160.