心理学关于目击证人证言可靠性实证研究

目击证人的证词在刑事诉讼中有着极为重要的作用,但是由于证人对案件的记忆往往会受到其自身和外界各种因素的干扰,因此,对于目击证人证词可靠性的研究引起了心理学界的关注,西方心理学界自上个世纪七十年代以来,从证人的年龄性别、心理状态、对证人的询问方式以及辨认的情景等方面进行了大量的实证研究,为司法实践提供了重要的启示。本文从以上四个方面全面总结了西方心理学界关于证人证词可靠性的实证研究,并作了分析与展望。     

人格判断的准确性研究述评

人格判断的准确性主要涉及到现实准确性、一致性和自我一他人一致性三个方面。现实准确性代表着人格判断和目标本来面目之间的一致性水平;一致性是指两个人或更多人对他人人格做出的判断之间的一致性水平;而自我一他人一致性则被认为是他人做出的判断和目标自我判断之间的一致性水平。人格判断的标准化问题是当前人格研究中的基本问题,也是人格研究的新动向之一。     

读者的元理解监测为什么不精确？

精确的元理解监测对随后的元理解控制和阅读理解有重要作用,但是,通常情况下,读者的元理解监测并不精确。回顾20余年的元理解监测研究,发现元理解监测的精确性主要受制于阅读材料特征、监测线索与标准测验特征等因素。未来研究应注意元理解监测的判断形式、监测线索及评价标准对元理解监测精确性的交互关联影响。     

Observing evidence accumulation during multi-alternative decisions

Most decision-making research has focused on choices between two alternatives. For choices between many alternatives, the primary result is Hick’s Law—that mean response time increases logarithmically with the number of alternatives. Various models for this result exist within specific paradigms, and there are some more general theoretical results, but none of those have been tested stringently against data. We present an experimental paradigm that supports detailed examination of multi-choice data, and analyze predictions from a Bayesian ideal observer model for this paradigm. Data from the experiment deviate from the predictions of the Bayesian model in interesting ways. A simple heuristic model based on evidence accumulation provides a good account for the data, and has attractive properties as a limit case of the Bayesian model.     

Asking an eyewitness to predict their later lineup performance could harm the confidence–accuracy relationship

Few studies have investigated eyewitnesses' ability to predict their later lineup performance, known as predecision confidence. We applied calibration analysis in two experiments comparing predecision confidence (immediately after encoding but prior to a lineup) to postdecision confidence (immediately after a lineup) to determine which produces a superior relationship with lineup decision accuracy. Experiment 1 (N = 177) featured a multiple-block lineup recognition paradigm featuring several targets and lineups; Experiment 2 featured an eyewitness identification paradigm with a mock-crime video and a single lineup for each participant (N = 855). Across both experiments, postdecision confidence discriminated well between correct and incorrect lineup decisions, but predecision confidence was a poor predictor of accuracy. Moreover, simply asking for predecision confidence weakened the postdecision confidence–accuracy relationship. This implies that police should exercise caution when interviewing eyewitnesses, as they should not be asked to predict their ability to make an accurate lineup decision.     

Item Selection With Collaborative Filtering in On-The-Fly Multistage Adaptive Testing

An important design feature in the implementation of both computerized adaptive testing and multistage adaptive testing is the use of an appropriate method for item selection. The item selection method is expected to select the most optimal items depending on the examinees’ ability level while considering other design features (e.g., item exposure and item bank utilization). This study introduced collaborative filtering (CF) as a new method for item selection in the on-the-fly assembled multistage adaptive testing framework. The user-based CF (UBCF) and item-based CF (IBCF) methods were compared to the maximum Fisher information method based on the accuracy of ability estimation, item exposure rates, and item bank utilization under different test conditions (e.g., item bank size, test length, and the sparseness of training data). The simulation results indicated that the UBCF method outperformed the traditional item selection methods regarding measurement accuracy. Also, the IBCF method showed the most superior performance in terms of item bank utilization. Limitations of the current study and the directions for future research are discussed.     

Inducing compensatory information processing through decision aids that facilitate effort reduction: an experimental assessment

This paper examines the role of computer‐based decision aids in reducing cognitive effort and therefore influencing strategy selection. It extends and complements the work reported in the behavioral decision theory literature on the role of effort and accuracy in choice tasks. The central proposition of the research is that if a decision aid makes a strategy that should lead to a more accurate outcome at least as easy to employ as a simpler, but less accurate, heuristic, then the use of a decision aid should induce that more accurate strategy and as a consequence improve decision quality. Otherwise, a decision aid may only influence decision‐making efficiency. This occurs because decision makers use a decision aid in such a way as to minimize their overall level of effort expenditure. Results from a laboratory experiment support this proposition. When a more accurate normative strategy is made less effortful to use, it is used. This result is consistent with the findings of our prior studies, but more clearly demonstrates that decision aids can induce the use of normatively oriented strategies. The key to inducing these strategies is to make the normative strategy easier to execute than competing alternative strategies. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The influence of lawyers' questions on witness accuracy,confidence, and reaction times and on mock jurors' interpretation of witness accuracy

Two studies demonstrate the influence of lawyers' complex questions on mock‐witness accuracy, confidence, and reaction times and on the interpretation of witness accuracy by mock jurors. In study one, 32 mock witnesses were shown a short film and then questioned either with lawyers' complex questions or simple alternatives. In Study 2, 20 mock jurors viewed video footage of the mock witnesses assigned to each of the two previous conditions and were asked to rate their confidence in the witnesses' answers. The findings of the two studies indicated that lawyers' use of confusing questions reduce not only accuracy but also speed of response and both witnesses' and jurors' ability to determine accuracy. The implication of these findings is straightforward, lawyers should ask simple questions wherever possible. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

汉语儿童英语口语发展及口语任务的影响作用

本研究选取小学二、四、六年级共96名学生,通过自我介绍、被试主动发问、看图说话和角色扮演四种任务对其英语口语产出的流利性、精确性和复杂性进行了测查,研究结果发现:(1)流利性在自我介绍、主动发问和看图说话任务上,年级发展趋势不显著,但是在角色扮演任务上,随着年级的增长,流利性随之增加;精确性的年级发展趋势不显著;复杂性随着年级的升高而升高;(2)小学儿童的口语流利性在四个任务上从高到低为角色扮演、主动发问、自我介绍和看图说话;在对话任务上的精确性显著高于独白任务的精确性,并且看图说话任务的精确性最低;英语口语的复杂性在自我介绍任务上最高,其次是主动发问,角色扮演与看图说话任务的口语复杂性最低。