广东省城乡初中生元认知水平比较研究

研究采用自编问卷和访谈法对城乡初中生进行元认知水平的对比研究,结果表明：1）城乡初中生元认知水平总体差异显著,农村初中生的元认知水平总体低于城市初中生的元认知水平。2）城乡初中生在认知前元认知体验和认知中元认知知识维度上差异显著。认知前元认知知识、认知中元认知体验、认知后元认知知识、认知后元认知体验之间无显著性差异。建议加强教师和学生元认知训练,提高学生元认知水平。     

A parent advice package for family shopping trips: development and evaluation

THIS ARTICLE REPORTS ON THE PRIMARY STEPS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PARENT ADVICE FOR POPULAR DISSEMINATION: (a) developing advice for one specific problem situation, family shopping trips; (b) testing the advice program for benefit to children and convenience to adults; and (c) packaging the advice so it can be used successfully by interested parents. Systematic observation of 12 families using the written advice package on shopping trips revealed its effectiveness in reducing child disruptions and increasing positive interactions between parents and children. These findings, along with interview information from families, showed that the package is usable, effective, and popular with both parents and children, and thus is ready for dissemination to a wide audience of parents-a step that in itself should involve research and evaluation.     

小学生字词识别与语言技能、工作记忆关系研究

本研究采用注音任务、语言任务、再认方法探讨了小学生字词识别与语言技能、工作记忆的关系和影响小学生字词识别的因素。发现：(1)字词识别与语言技能、工作记忆在2、4年级相关均显著;6年级学生字词识别与语言技能的形旁及工作记忆相关不显著,但与语言技能其它维度相关显著(2)预测小学生字词识别发展的主要因素随年级升高而变化。预测2年级学生字词识别的重要指标是语音的音节、字形的形旁与工作记忆;4年级是语音的音节、字形的声旁、句法与工作记忆;6年级是语音的声韵、字形的声旁与语义。     

Variation among developmental dyslexics: evidence from a printed-word-learning task

A word-learning task was used to investigate variation among developmental dyslexics classified as phonological and surface dyslexics. Dyslexic children and chronological age (CA)- and reading level (RL)-matched normal readers were taught to pronounce novel nonsense words such as veep. Words were assigned either a regular (e.g., "veep") or an irregular (e.g., "vip") pronunciation. Phonological dyslexics learned both regular and exception words more slowly than the normal readers and, unlike the other groups, did not show a regular-word advantage. Surface dyslexics also learned regular and exception words more slowly than the CA group, consistent with a specific problem in mastering arbitrary item-specific pronunciations, but their performance resembled that of the RL group. The results parallel earlier findings from Manis, Seidenberg, Doi, McBride-Chang, & Petersen [Cognition 58 (1996) 157-195] indicating that surface dyslexics and phonological dyslexics have a different profile of reading deficits, with surface dyslexics resembling younger normal readers and phonological dyslexics showing a specific phonological deficit. Models of reading and reading disability need to account for the heterogeneity in reading processes among dyslexic children.     

中国文化下组织政治技能对个体自身的影响作用

组织政治技能是个体在组织中生存和获得职业发展的重要能力之一,也是组织行为学研究中的重要领域。研究主要从中国文化的视角,探讨组织政治技能对个体自身的影响作用。结果显示,组织政治技能与工作满意度之间存在线性关系,而非曲线关系;组织政治技能中的处世圆通和面子和谐两个维度有利于缓解工作压力,而人际敏锐可能增加个体的工作压力感;自我评价对于组织政治技能与工作压力和工作满意度之间关系的中介效应不显著;工作压力在处世圆通、人际敏锐和面子和谐三个维度与工作满意度之间起完全中介作用。这些结果表明,组织政治技能对于个体来说是非常重要的能力,可以帮助个体缓解工作压力,提高工作满意感,进而促进个体的职业发展。     

Uncovering the structure of a memorist's superior "basic" memory capacity

After extensive laboratory testing of the famous memorist Rajan, Thompson, Cowan, and Frieman (1993) proposed that he was innately endowed with a superior memory capacity for digits and letters and thus violated the hypothesis that exceptional memory fully reflects acquired "skilled memory." We successfully replicated the empirical phenomena that led them to their conclusions. From additional analyses and new experiments, we found support for an alternative hypothesis, namely that Rajan's superior memory for digits was mediated by learned encoding techniques that he acquired during nearly a thousand hours of practice memorizing the mathematical constant pi. Our paper describes a general experimental approach for studying the structure of exceptional memory and how Rajan's unique structure is consistent with the general theoretical framework of long-term working memory (Ericsson and Kintsch, 1995).     

策略发现的元认知机制和联结机制的交互作用理论

本文主要介绍了策略发现的元认知机制和联结机制的三种交互作用理论,包括两种表征翻译理论和新近发展的竞争性谈判理论,并对这三种理论进行了评价。     

The Neural Basis of Motor-Skill Learning

Recent work indicates that motor-skill learning is supported by four processes: a strategic process that selects new goals of what to change in the environment, a perceptual-motor integration process that adjusts to new relationships between environmental stimuli and the appropriate motor response, a sequencing process that learns sequences of motor acts, and a dynamic process that learns new patterns of muscle activations. These four processes can operate in one of two modes: an unconscious mode, in which one is aware only of the goal of the movement, or a conscious mode, in which one consciously controls detailed aspects of the movement. This article provides an overview of these four processes and two modes, and describes their neural bases.     

初中生社会技能角色扮演测试的多因素实验研究

以初中生为被试,以社会技能为目标行为,对角色扮演测试进行研究,探讨其影响因素和外在效度。研究采用２×２×２三因素实验设计,通过现场测试、刺激控制和问卷调查相结合的实验方法,着重探讨了角色扮演情境内容、测试指导语、实验助手的交往方式三个因素对被试行为的影响,证明了角色扮演行为随情境操纵的变化而变化,并发现在采用个体化的测试情境、低水平要求的指导语及非结构化的交往方式的情况下,外在效度最高。另外,多元回归统计分析表明被试性别、已有水平等对角色扮演行为水平也有影响。