The anatomy of antagonistic coregulation: Emergent coordination,path dependency,and the interplay of biomechanic parameters in Aikido

Using a video-supported cognitive ethnographic and phenomenological approach, we address the interactively generated dynamic of bouts in Aikido. This “soft” martial art enables a defender to blend with and then redirect an attacker’s aggressive energy so as to break his balance, while preserving an ethos of non-violence, mutuality, and respect. Our analysis explores the skills used to minutely adapt to the opponent, the causal-temporal structure of Aikido, notably the cumulative effect build-up and main decision points in a bout, as well as the perceptual cues from inter-body geometry, timing, and force dynamics that inform decisions. We then contrast different interaction scenarios by focusing on micro-events that shape defensive preferences. For a successful defense, technical modulations or even the preferred technique itself can be selected as the interaction unfolds (“decision-making-in-action”). For a closer look, we analyze the interplay of multiple parameters: flexibility of intention (i.e. early deciding vs. keeping options openlonger), technique (i.e. type of lever or throw), initial body symmetry, step combinations, spacing and timing relative to the attacker, degree of force, as well as possible skill differentials. We describe complex interdependencies between these parameters, which can be balanced in various ways as agents respond to the interaction dynamic.     

浅谈医生基本功对临床决策的影响

针对医生基本功在医学科学飞速发展的今天有何作用的困惑,阐述了详尽的病史采集、全面而准确的体格检查、合理而科学地选择实验室及辅助检查对临床决策的重要意义。医生只有将基本理论、基本技能、基础知识、道德修养、分析问题、解决问题的能力和水平作为立足之本,才能不断提高临床决策水平。     

Do Perceptual Instructions Lead to Enhanced Performance Relative to Behavioral Instructions?

As people we commonly instruct people in terms of physical actions to carry out to perform any task. However, according to perceptual control theory (Powers, 1973 Powers, W. T. (1973). Behavior: The control of perception. Chicago, IL: Aldine. [Google Scholar]), human action serves to control perception. Using a drawing task, it was hypothesized that instructions describing the perceivable effects of the movement would result in greater accuracy of image drawing than those describing the movement. Participants were asked to draw images using different instructions; describing the expected perceptions and describing the movements. As predicted, it was found that describing the perceptual outcome of the task led to significantly more accurate drawings than describing the movements did. This highlights the importance of instructions based on desired perceptions when precise execution of a skill is necessary.     

3—7岁儿童与成人筷子使用动作模式的比较研究

通过比较3—7岁儿童与成人的筷子使用动作模式类型、特征和使用率,初步探讨了筷子使用动作模式的特点及发展趋势。研究结果表明：(1)儿童与成人中均存在八种筷子使用动作模式,各种模式在手指的分工、配合及完成任务的稳定性、适应性等方面表现出不同的特点,具有不同的效率水平;(2)随年龄的增长,个体筷子使用动作模式日趋转向效率较高的类型,表现为高效模式的使用率从3岁组的3．7％增加到成人组的50％,而低效模式的使用率从59．3％下降到10％。     

不同理解能力的个体在词汇加工中的抑制机制

该研究根据多媒语言理解测试,筛选出汉语综合语言理解能力高、低不同的两组被试,通过两个实验,以自控速移动窗口阅读与选择性再认相结合的实验范式,考察了两组被试在理解加工汉语双字词的过程中抑制外在干扰信息的能力。结果表明：(1)干扰材料的性质影响抑制机制的效率;(2)语言理解能力不同的个体在抑制机制上存在差异;(3)在干扰强度不同的条件下,自控速对低理解能力者抑制机制的改善作用也不同。     

小学六年级学生写作构思策略培养的实验研究

本研究运用心理模拟法创立了写作构思活动模式,并根据心智技能按阶段形成的理论对构思策略进行了分阶段培养。结果表明:①写作构思活动的实践模式可以有效地提高学生的写作构思策略水平,并进而促进其写作技能整体水平的提高;②小学六年级学生在写作技能上不存在明显的性别差异,智力水平对写作技能也没有明显影响;③学生原有的写作技能水平对于当前的写作活动有显著影响,教师在教学前应设法了解学生的写作水平。     

Visual spatial skill: a consequence of learning to read?

Does learning to read influence one’s visual skill? In Study 1, kindergartners from Hong Kong, Korea, Israel, and Spain were tested on word reading and a task of visual spatial skill. Chinese and Korean kindergartners significantly outperformed Israeli and Spanish readers on the visual task. Moreover, in all cultures except Korea, good readers scored significantly higher on the visual task than did less good readers. In Study 2, we followed 215 Hong Kong Chinese kindergartners across 1 year, with word reading and visual skills tested twice. In this study, word reading at Time 1 by itself predicted 13% of unique variance in visual skill at Time 2. Together, these results underscore the potential importance of the process of learning to read for shaping one’s visual spatial skill development.     

临床技能培训中心在临床医学教育中的作用初探

临床医学是医学教育的关键,随着社会的进步,科技的发展及患者自我保护意识的提高,传统的临床医学技能教育模式面临新的考验。本文探讨了医学模拟教学在临床教学中的重要意义,介绍了临床技能培训中心的建设及应用评价,对其未来的发展方向进行了展望。