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931.
Some animals have been shown to be able to remember which type of food they hoarded or encountered in which location and how
long ago (what–where–when memory). In this study, we test whether magpies (Pica pica) also show evidence of remembering these different aspects of a past episode. Magpies hid red- and blue-dyed pellets of scrambled
eggs in a large tray containing wood shavings. They were allowed to make as many caches as they wanted. The birds were then
returned either the same day or the next day to retrieve the pellets. If they returned the same day, one colour of pellets
was replaced with wooden beads of similar size and colour, while if they returned the next day this would happen to the other
colour. Over just a few trials, the birds learned to only search for the food pellets, and ignore the beads, of the appropriate
colour for the given retention interval. A probe trial in which all items were removed showed that the birds persisted in
searching for the pellets and not the beads. This shows that magpies can remember which food item they hoarded where, and
when, even if the food items only differ from each other in their colour and are dispersed throughout a continuous caching
substrate. 相似文献
932.
Lara D. LaDage Timothy C. Roth II Rebecca A. Fox Vladimir V. Pravosudov 《Animal cognition》2009,12(3):419-426
An animal’s memory may be limited in capacity, which may result in competition among available memory cues. If such competition
exists, natural selection may favor prioritization of different memory cues based on cue reliability and on associated differences
in the environment and life history. Food-caching birds store numerous food items and appear to rely on memory to retrieve
caches. Previous studies suggested that caching species should always prioritize spatial cues over non-spatial cues when both
are available, because non-spatial cues may be unreliable in a changing environment; however, it remains unclear whether non-spatial
cues should always be ignored when spatial cues are available. We tested whether mountain chickadees (Poecile gambeli), a food-caching species, prioritize memory for spatial cues over color cues when relocating previously found food in an
associative learning task. In training trials, birds were exposed to food in a feeder where both spatial location and color
were associated. During subsequent unrewarded test trials, color was dissociated from spatial location. Chickadees showed
a significant pattern of inspecting feeders associated with correct color first, prior to visiting correct spatial locations.
Our findings argue against the hypothesis that the memory of spatial cues should always take priority over any non-spatial
cues, including color cues, in food-caching species, because in our experiment mountain chickadees chose color over spatial
cues. Our results thus suggest that caching species may be more flexible in cue use than previously thought, possibly dependent
upon the environment and complexity of available cues. 相似文献
933.
研究主要采用4(自尊类型)×2(词汇效价)混合设计,探讨了178名不同自尊水平或不同自尊类型大学生对自我相关信息的记忆偏好。结果发现:(1)高外显自尊者比低自尊者有更积极的记忆偏好,消极记忆偏好差异不显著;高内隐自尊者则比低自尊者有更弱的积极回忆偏好及更弱的消极回忆偏好。(2)就作为组内差异存在的记忆偏好而言,所有被试均有积极偏好;就作为组间差异存在的记忆偏好而言,脆弱的高自尊者有更强的积极偏好,但低自尊者也没有表现出明显的消极偏好。结果提示不同自尊者对自我相关信息有不同记忆偏好。 相似文献
934.
加工速度和工作记忆反应了不同的认知加工过程,在认知发展研究中,加工速度和工作记忆所起的作用仍存在较大的分歧.采用多因素混合实验设计,在严格控制条件下,比较了语文学习困难和控制组儿童的工作记忆和加工速度.结果发现,与控制组相比,语文学习困难儿童在工作记忆和加工速度方面均存在明显的不足,但加工速度不能解释不同能力组之间的差异,语文学习困难儿童的缺陷在于工作记忆能力的下降.工作记忆的缺陷在于言语工作记忆和中央执行功能的不足,与视空间工作记忆能力无关.语文学习困难既存在一般的工作记忆缺陷(中央执行功能)也存在特定的工作记忆(言语工作记忆)能力的不足. 相似文献
935.
文章综述了惊恐障碍患者对威胁性信息的注意偏向、解释偏向、记忆偏向等认知偏向。对威胁性信息的优先注意激发焦虑体验,对模糊信息的灾难化解释增加焦虑水平,对引起焦虑感信息的记忆保持促使惊恐体验更易于提取,这3种认知偏向促使具有焦虑倾向的个体对惊恐障碍更易感,也是惊恐障碍形成和保持的关键因素 相似文献
936.
937.
国外关于测试效应的研究概述 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
测试效应的研究表明,“学习”并非只发生在编码阶段,测试或提取练习除了可评估知识掌握程度之外,在某些情况下它比再次学习能更好地促进长时记忆保持。文章从如下方面概述了国外关于测试效应的研究:(1)在自由回忆、配对联想学习、再认和模拟教育情境等不同性质的实验任务下测试对学习的积极作用;(2)测试可能导致的消极作用,介绍有关提取导致遗忘,测试的消极暗示效应,测试与错误记忆等方面的研究;(3)介绍信息额外呈现理论,过度学习理论,提取努力理论,必要难度理论,迁移适当加工理论等测试效应的有关理论及其发展沿革。最后,结合研究中的争议及教学应用做了思考,并指出有待进一步研究的问题 相似文献
938.
939.
940.
Insects, birds, and mammals have been shown capable of encoding spatial information in memory using multiple strategies or
frames of reference simultaneously. These strategies include orientation to a goal-specific cue or beacon, to the position
of the goal in an array of local landmarks, or to its position in the array of distant landmarks, also known as the global
frame of reference. From previous experiments, it appears that birds and mammals that scatter hoard rely primarily on a global
frame of reference, but this generalization depends on evidence from only a few species. Here we examined spatial memory in
a previously unstudied scatter hoarder, the southern flying squirrel. We dissociated the relative weighting of three potential
spatial strategies (beacon, global, or relative array strategy) with three probe tests: transposition of beacon and the rotation
or the expansion of the array. The squirrels’ choices were consistent with a spatial averaging strategy, where they chose
the location dictated by at least two of the three strategies, rather than using a single preferred frame of reference. This
adaptive and flexible heuristic has not been previously described in animal orientation studies, yet it may be a common solution
to the universal problem of encoding and recalling spatial locations in an ephemeral physical landscape. 相似文献