Can Physical Parts of Substances Be Substances? The Dual Models of Analysis in Aristotle’s Notion of Substance

This essay discusses the question of whether the physical parts of a substance per se can still be substances after being separated from whole substances. This paper finds that within his corpus Aristotle gives two contrary answers to that question. To avoid this inconsistency, this essay claims that Aristotle puts forward dual models of analysis when it comes to substances, namely the Artifact Model and the Living Being Model. According to the Artifact Model, the physical parts of a substance per se are still substances after being separated from the whole substance; but according to the Living Being Model, the physical parts of a substance per se are not substances after separation. In addition, this paper also holds that there is a kind of evolutionary relationship of research methodology between the dual models, i.e. the dual models correspond to what is “better known to us” to what is “better known by nature.”     

Identifying marks of Latin American psychoanalysis Towards the defi nition of a River Plate model1

The author considers the infl uences that different psychoanalytic trends have had on the thought processes of psychoanalysts in the River Plate region. She begins by giving a history of the way in which these trends were shaped by the sociocultural context of the region, and of how the dialectical relationship between these two factors produced the River Plate region's (Argentina and Uruguay) own theoretical model. The author includes a study‐albeit incomplete‐of major local developments, and attempts to defi ne the characteristics of a regional model. The model is based on the following parameters: the fundamental rules of evenly suspended attention and free association; the technical frame; links between theory and clinical practice such as transference‐countertransference, resistance, identifi cation, the analytic fi eld; the concept of psychic change and its indicators; and the interpretive instrument. The author considers the past and present infl uence of Lacanian thought on this model. She concludes by reviewing some of these theoretical and clinical concepts.     

Preflexes and internal models in biomimetic robot systems

The next generation of neuroprostheses, which are aimed at the restoration of natural movement of paralysed body parts or at the natural interaction with external devices, will be quite similar to biomimetic robot systems which attempt to duplicate the organization of the biological motor control system. In the paper, we review some of the organizing principles that have emerged in the last few years and might provide useful guidelines for a biomimetic design.     

心理测量平衡性研究与实例

心理测量研究中,测量不变性(或称平衡性)是量表稳定性问题中的一个难题而且在比较研究中受到特别重视。结构方程模型因在平衡性形式捕捉方面功能强大而受到广泛应用。该研究讨论了测量平衡性的各种形式并演示了应用结构方程模型评估测量平衡性的过程。     

Dynamic Text Comprehension

Abstract— Reading is one of the most complex and uniquely human of cognitive activities. Our understanding of the processes and factors involved in text comprehension is quite impressive, but it also is fragmented, with a proliferation of "mini-theories" for specific components that in reality are intertwined and interact with one another. Theories of dynamic text comprehension (DTC) aim to capture the integration of these components. They depict reading comprehension as an ongoing process involving fluctuations in the activation of concepts as the reader proceeds through the text, resulting in a gradually emerging interpretation of the material. Features of texts and characteristics of the reader jointly and interactively affect these fluctuations, influencing and being influenced by the reader's understanding and memory of what is read. We illustrate the DTC approach by describing one theory, called the Landscape model, and summarize how its simulations match empirical data. We conclude with some implications of the DTC framework for basic and applied reading research.     

认知诊断模型发展及其应用方法述评

认知心理学和心理测量学结合派生出的认知诊断理论, 利用现代统计方法和计算机技术作为工具, 诊断被试的认知结构和认知过程。认知诊断有多种模型, 不同的模型有不同的特点及应用条件。模型的选择和认知诊断方法的应用对认知诊断的结果有重要的影响, 因此在选择模型之时需要了解各种认知诊断模型的发展过程及优缺点。     

重参数化的多分属性诊断分类模型及其判准率影响因素

多分属性比传统的二分属性提供更多更详细的诊断反馈信息, 符合对知识技能的多水平要求, 具有较好的应用前景。本文首先介绍了多分属性和多分Q矩阵的概念; 之后重参数化了3个分别满足连接、分离和补偿缩合规则的多分属性诊断分类模型并研究了其判准率影响因素, 结果发现它们的判准率(1)均随多分属性数量的增加而降低, 建议实际使用中不宜高于5个; (2)均随多分属性的最高水平数增加而降低, 建议实际使用中不宜高于4水平; (3)均随多分属性间统计相关性增加而增加, 但影响不大; (4)受多分属性层级结构的影响较大; (4)受被试量影响不大; (5)均随题目数量增加而增加且影响较大。最后, 针对“多分属性与多级评分的关系”和“多分属性与二分属性之间的关系”这两个问题进行了讨论。以期为实证研究者提供相关的理论支持和使用建议。     

有关创造力测量的一些思考

创造力测量是创造力研究的基础, 然而该领域研究成果却一直饱受质疑, 因此如何准确测量创造力是研究者亟需解决的问题。近几年, 创造力测量领域围绕一些研究热点, 在多方面取得显著进展。例如：发散思维测验独特性维度的计分问题, 或许可以通过主观计分法解决; 顿悟类测验可能表征个体创造力水平, 但效度仍有待于进一步确认; 创造力成就测验可能带来的共同方法变异问题, 需要通过合理应用测验规避; 同感评估技术或许会引起评定者效应; 研究者开始从语义网络角度测量创造力等等。未来该领域研究应当在：基本概念问题上达成共识; 从测验内容和施测过程优化测验质量; 采用混合测验的策略以及通过跨领域研究增进测量技术多样化等方面进行努力。     

睡眠剥夺影响风险决策的双系统模型探讨

睡眠剥夺是指由于环境或自身原因无法满足正常睡眠时间的情况。大量实证研究发现, 睡眠剥夺会导致个体在风险决策中更倾向于风险寻求, 同时也有研究表明睡眠剥夺会导致个体风险规避, 而目前尚无统一结论。睡眠剥夺从风险感知、风险容忍、风险决策策略三个方面影响了风险决策, 其心理机制可由认知和情绪双路径模型进行解释, 且脑神经生理学研究也提供了相关证据。未来的研究应该进一步关注：(1)现实工作生活中的睡眠不足对风险决策的影响; (2)睡眠剥夺影响风险决策的理论模型建构。     

Dimensions of Identity Development Scale (DIDS): A test of longitudinal measurement invariance in Greek adolescents

Identity is one core developmental task of adolescence. Although Marcia’s model, comprising of the dimensions of exploration and commitment, has dominated identity research for decades new models have recently been proposed. Luyckx and colleagues’ model poses that identity is a process consisting of five aspects: Exploration in Breadth, Commitment Making, Ruminative Exploration, Exploration in Depth and Identification with Commitments. The Dimensions of Identity Development Scale (DIDS) is a 25-item instrument developed to assess those five aspects. The goal of this study is: (a) to test the applicability of DIDS in a sample of Greek adolescents, and (b) to investigate the longitudinal measurement invariance of the scale. The results support the use of DIDS in Greek context and show that strong measurement invariance holds longitudinally in the course of 12 months. Echoing recent studies, the six-factor model showed significantly better fit, with Exploration in Depth splitting to Exploration in Depth and Reconsideration of Commitment. The scale is suitable for studies of longitudinal change in identity development.