成功实施绩效管理的关键行为因素结构及其与组织承诺和组织绩效的相关研究

在查阅文献和对企业员工结构化访谈及其开放式问卷调查的基础上,收集了我国企业成功实施绩效管理的关键行为条目,编制初始问卷。通过预试初步证实了成功实施绩效管理的关键行为的结构是多维的,并获得了较为清晰的七因素结构模型。进一步修订,调整条目,逐步删除一些无负荷和存在多重负荷的项目。最后确定了由26个条目组成的正式问卷并进行第二次调查测试。探讨了企业成功实施绩效管理的关键行为因素的结构维度及其与组织承诺和组织绩效等相关后果变量的关系。研究表明：企业成功实施绩效管理的关键行为是由管理支持、适度激励、员工参与、有效沟通、科学考核、相关培训以及规范操作等七因素构成。成功实施绩效管理的关键行为因素与组织承诺呈显著正相关。适度激励、员工参与、有效沟通和科学考核等四个因素与组织绩效呈显著正相关,管理支持、相关培训和规范操作三个因素与组织绩效没有相关。     

Tomasello关于语言获得的建构观

Michael Tomasello提出的用法建构语言获得理论认为儿童语言获得是一个以用法为基础、以功能为引导的逐步建构过程,而个体语言获得又以种系遗传的生物基础和文化历史积淀下来的语言环境为前提。本文在皮亚杰经典建构主义的框架下探讨Tomasello关于语言获得的建构观。     

智商常态人群的智力个体差异研究述评

智力功能个体差异星正态分布有不同观点：g因素决定特殊能力分化程度差异论、因素搭配差异论;单一认知机能、认知机能系统中的一个或者几个认知机能缺陷影响智力功能差异论;认知发展理论的要素功能大小和要素关联关系强弱、结构差异论;文化活动结构差异和遗传进化的神经效率差异论;神经活动特性水平和神经活动区域效率差异、人格中介情景任务和人     

小学儿童汉字阅读特点初探

该研究运用命名任务、通过两个实验探查了小学儿童汉字阅读的发展特点。实验一发现,小学7岁、8岁、9岁儿童在汉字阅读中受不同汉字结构类型的影响。在笔画数没有显著差异的情况下,独体字的阅读比合体字快,而合体字中上下结构和左右结构类型之间没有差异,而且独体字语音提取的优势从7岁儿童开始就具有了,这种优势稳定地发展下去。实验二在实验一的基础上进一步考察了7岁、9岁、11岁儿童汉字形声字阅读中声旁对整字发音的影响,结果发现,声旁与整字发音一致的形声字阅读快于声旁与整字发音不一致的形声字的阅读,这种汉字阅读中的规则效应从7岁儿童就出现了,而且,稳定地发展下去。     

关于迁移理论的几点思考

迁移理论是教育心理学研究的一个重要内容,在其发展过程中不断有新观点产生。其间后继观点往往对先前观点有所臧否,这很正常。但后继观点本身以及对先前观点的评价并不一定无懈可击。桑代克对形式训练说的否定是值得商榷的;认知结构迁移理论否定相同因素是迁移的条件也值得讨论;相同因素应是迁移产生的最为重要的条件。     

统计认知理论及应用研究

长期以来大家认为人类认知尽管可以看成是非确定的推理计算过程,但它的知识表达、模型结构、及计算方法和概率统计理论在本质上是不同的,因此认知科学和概率统计方法存在巨大的鸿沟,过去两者基本上独立发展。近年来随着Bayesian概率统计模型研究的一系列突破性工作和认知过程本质的不断被发现和挖掘,两者的相关性和互补性逐渐突显出来。许多研究者认为认知是近似遵循概率统计推理原则的,一些研究工作显示两者的结合有可能对人工智能发展产生深远的影响。本文对当前统计认知理论及应用研究的现状进行系统的梳理,并结合自身的研究对它今后的发展提出自己的看法。     

结构限制和信息干扰对双重作业绩效的影响

研究通过改变双重任务呈现的间隔时间来探讨结构限制与信息干扰对双重任务操作绩效的影响。实验结果表明：(1)两种作业呈现的间隔时间对双重任务操作绩效有明显的影响。间隔时间越大,双重任务的作业绩效越高。(2)信息干扰对双重任务的操作有明显的影响。信息干扰越大,双重任务的操作绩效越差。(3)两个作业呈现的间隔时间不同并不影响信息干扰对双重任务操作绩效的作用。根据实验结果,该研究提出了三因素假设：结构限制、信息干扰和资源竞争是影响双重任务操作绩效的三个主要因素。     

Word category and verb--argument structure information in the dynamics of parsing

One of the core issues in psycholinguistic research concerns the relationship between word category information and verb-argument structure (e.g. transitivity) information of verbs in the process of sentence parsing. In two experiments (visual versus auditory presentation) using event-related brain potentials (ERPs), we addressed this question by presenting sentences in which the critical word simultaneously realized both a word category and a transitivity violation. ERPs for sentences with both types of violation clustered with the patterns for sentences with a word category violation only, but were different from the patterns elicited by argument structure violations in isolation, since only the latter elicited an N400 ERP component. The finding that an argument structure violation evoked an N400 only if the phrase structure of the respective sentence was correct suggests that a successful integration of the word category information of a verb functionally precedes the application of its argument structure information.     

The Structure of Negative Self-Statements in Children and Adolescents: A Confirmatory Factor-Analytic Approach

The aim of this study was to examine the nature and organization of a range of negative self-statements in children and adolescents, using a structural equations/confirmatory factor-analytic approach. A community sample of 978 children aged 7-16 years completed a questionnaire about the frequency with which they experienced a broad range of negative automatic thoughts. The outcome of comparative modeling provided strongest support for a model in which 4 distinct cognitive factors were all related to a single higher order factor. The 4 lower order factors related to cognitions on social threat, physical threat, personal failure, and hostility. The pattern of results was consistent across age and gender. Results were consistent with assumptions of cognitive specificity models of psychopathology, on the latent structure of automatic thoughts in children and adolescents.     

The Advantage of First Mention in Korean The Temporal Contributions of Syntactic,Semantic, and Pragmatic Factors

Using Korean, we investigated how syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic factors influence the representation of a sentence, in particular, the relative accessibility of different components of a sentence representation. In six experiments, participants performed a probe recognition task after reading each of a series of sentences. We manipulated the rate at which each word of the sentence was presented (250 ms and 500 ms) and the interval between the sentence-final word and the probe-recognition test word (immediate, 500 ms delay, and 1000 ms delay). We also manipulated the syntactic position (subject versus object), semantic role (agent versus patient), and order of mention (first-versus second-mentioned participant) of the probed item. Pragmatic factors (the order of mention) strongly influenced accessibility immediately and through the longest delay, whereas syntactic and semantic factors had little effect.