Short-term and long-term relationships between reflection and performance in teams: evidence from a four-wave longitudinal study

Previous theory and research suggest that team reflection is beneficial for team performance. We argue that results remain inconclusive because prior studies have not accounted for the dynamic nature of this relationship. This paper addresses this research gap by examining time-specific relationships among variables and the intra-team variability of changes across time. In a four-wave longitudinal field study with 97 teams (N = 453 team members) performing a business simulation task, short-term (i.e., autoregressive, cross-lagged effects) and long-term (i.e., latent trajectories) relationships between team reflection and performance were explored. We found evidence that reflection had negative autoregressive effects and that there were direct positive short-term relationships between reflection and performance. Reflection trajectories were seen to decline across time and performance trajectories to increase across time. In addition, teams with either low initial reflection or low initial performance showed higher increases in reflection across time, whilst higher increase in reflection was negatively related to change in performance. Findings are discussed with respect to how they extend the previous literature and what directions they suggest for future research.     

经验取样法——一种收集“真实”数据的新方法

经验取样法是一种有效的密集纵向研究数据收集方法。该方法的优点正逐渐被广大研究者所认同,国外运用经验取样法取得的研究成果越来越多,而国内学者对经验取样法的研究尚处于探索阶段,运用此方法的实证研究更是凤毛麟角。通过对《应用心理学期刊》(Journal of Applied Psychology)最近5年(2010~2014年)发表的26篇采用经验取样法的实证研究论文的内容分析,发现这些文章全面体现了经验取样法的特点、研究内容、样本量、激励方式、数据收集和操作过程等该方法的操作要素。对其进行总结不仅有利于对经验取样法在组织行为学中的应用状况进行总结,而且也能促进这一方法在未来的组织行为学和人力资源管理中的发展和应用。     

Aggressive behavior among girls and boys during middle childhood: predictors and sequelae of trajectory group membership

Using longitudinal data spanning early elementary through middle school, aggression behavior trajectory groups were identified for boys and girls. Early elementary school predictors of trajectory group membership were examined as well as whether trajectory group predicted physical aggression, covert delinquency, and substance use in 9th grade. Semiparametric group modeling identified aggression behavior trajectory groups. We identified four aggression trajectory groups for both genders described as “not involved,” “low,” “moderate,” and “high.” Attention problems, family conflict, and low school commitment and attachment were predictors of membership in higher aggression groups for both boys and girls. Low family involvement and low parental education predicted membership in higher aggression groups for boys; while depression, low‐income status, and having a single parent predicted higher aggression group membership for girls. For both boys and girls, few risk predictors distinguished between the moderate and high aggression trajectories except that low school commitment and having a teen mother were significant predictors of being in the high group for girls, and low parental education and income were significant predictors of being in the high group for boys. Membership in the higher aggression trajectory groups predicted involvement in violent behaviors, covert delinquency, and substance use in 9th grade. Findings suggest that children who display an early trajectory of high levels of aggressive behavior are more likely to continue involvement in later problem behaviors. Second‐grade predictors suggest commonality of risk across genders and provide evidence of modifiable targets for preventive interventions. Aggr. Behav. 32:1–15. 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

农村中学生应对方式研究

本文使用应对方式问卷对350名农村中学生进行调查,以探讨农村中学生应对方式状况．为实际教育提供依据。结果表明,中学生整体上趋向于成熟的应对方式如解决问题、求助等,但还存在不成熟的应对如幻想、退避等,因此需要引导和帮助;具体在各应对因子上不存在显著年级差异,解决问题和合理化因子上性别差异显著,不同类型学校学生和不同科目中学生等存在一定的显著差异。     

国内追踪数据分析方法研究与模型发展

追踪研究因其可以得到比横断研究更有说服力的变量关系论证, 在心理学等科学中具有重要地位。梳理国内以心理学为主的相关领域中追踪数据分析方法研究的发表现状、主要解决的研究问题和模型发展。追踪研究可以进行均值差异比较、分析多变量相互影响、描述总体发展趋势及差异和探究心理动态变化过程。近20年的研究热点和发展思路也集中在上述研究问题当中, 特别是总体发展趋势及差异、多变量相互影响、总体发展趋势与多变量相互影响的融合、追踪研究设计、缺失数据等议题上。最后, 比较国内外研究的差异, 并结合交叉学科对国内追踪研究未来发展做出展望。     

群组发展模型——干预研究的新方法

群组发展模型(group-based trajectory model,GBTM)是一种用于研究群体异质性的新方法,旨在识别群体内遵循不同发展轨迹的亚组,并描绘亚组成员特征。这一模型为干预研究提供了新的研究视角,群组发展模型不仅可以探讨干预是否引起分组比例变化,也关注干预对个体的发展轨迹的影响,并评估干预对不同轨迹组的效果差异。     

Computational Evidence That Frequency Trajectory Theory Does Not Oppose But Emerges From Age‐of‐Acquisition Theory

According to the age‐of‐acquisition hypothesis, words acquired early in life are processed faster and more accurately than words acquired later. Connectionist models have begun to explore the influence of the age/order of acquisition of items (and also their frequency of encounter). This study attempts to reconcile two different methodological and theoretical approaches (proposed by Lambon Ralph & Ehsan, 2006 and Zevin & Seidenberg, 2002 ) to age‐limited learning effects. The current simulations extend the findings reported by Zevin and Seidenberg (2002) that have shown that frequency trajectories (FTs) have limited and specific effects on word‐reading tasks. Using the methodological framework proposed by Lambon Ralph and Ehsan (2006) , which makes it possible to compare word‐reading and picture‐naming tasks in connectionist networks, we were able to show that FT has a considerable influence on age‐limited learning effects in a picture naming task. The findings show that when the input–output mappings are arbitrary (simulating picture naming tasks), the links formed by the network become entrenched as a result of early experience and that subsequent variations in frequency of exposure of the items have only a minor impact. In contrast, when the mappings between input‐output are quasi‐systematic or systematic (simulating word‐reading tasks), the training of new items was generalized and resulted in the suppression of age‐limited learning effects. At a theoretical level, we suggest that FT, which simultaneously takes account of time and the level of exposure across time, represents a more precise and modulated measure compared with the order of introduction of the items and may lead to innovative hypotheses in the field of age‐limited learning effects.     

Life satisfaction trajectories among junior high school students in China: The role of parent–child communication

A 3-year follow-up test (from grades 7 to 9) was administered to 807 junior high school students from two regions in Hunan Province, China, using multilevel analysis to examine trends in junior high school students' life satisfaction, differences by gender and location of life and the effects of father–child/mother–child communication on the development of life satisfaction. The results showed that (1) Chinese junior high school students' life satisfaction showed a decreasing trend from the seventh grade to the ninth grade, and there was a significant decreasing process in the eighth grade; (2) father–child communication and mother–child communication had a significant positive predictive effect on Chinese junior high school students' life satisfaction and (3) father–child communication and mother–child communication had a significant negative predictive effect on the decreasing trend of life satisfaction, in which the effect of mother–child communication was particularly significant.     

中国大学生幸福评价的时间轨迹

幸福评价的时间轨迹是指人们对自己的过去、现在和将来的幸福评价的轨迹。从过去、现在和将来角度来研究幸福, 对于全面理解幸福本质具有重要的意义。本研究用两项研究探索了中国大学生的幸福评价的时间轨迹。研究1让130名大学生完成时间维度生活满意度量表, 结果发现, 中国大学生认为过去与现在的幸福没有显著区别, 将来比过去和现在都幸福, 即过去幸福=现在幸福 < 将来幸福, 这与西方的研究结果过去幸福 < 现在幸福 < 将来幸福的轨迹不同。研究2采用实验法, 让45名大学生对描述幸福和不幸福的形容词进行评定, 再次支持了中国大学生的这一幸福评价的时间轨迹。不幸福评价的时间轨迹呈现出过去不幸福=现在不幸福 > 将来不幸福的趋势。