Strategy choice for arithmetic verification: effects of numerical surface form

Canadian university students (n=48) solved simple addition problems in a true/false verification task with equations in digit format (3+4=8) or written English format (three+four=eight). Participants reported their solution strategy (e.g. retrieval or calculation) after each trial. Reported use of calculation strategies was much greater with word (41%) than digit stimuli (26%), and this difference was exaggerated for numerically larger problems. Word-format costs on reaction time (RT) were correspondingly greater for large than for small problems, but this Format×Size RT effect was bigger for true than for false equations. The results demonstrate that surface format affects central, rather than only peripheral, stages of cognitive arithmetic.     

人口老龄化呼唤老年医疗保障

我国人口老龄化进程加快,迫切需要建立健全老年人的医疗保障体系。简述了人口老龄化与老年人医疗卫生问题与支付能力,说明了在我国建立老年医疗保障制度的重要性及意义,并提出：针对社区老年人医药费用的不同负担形式与经济承受能力,建立不同收入、不同需求、不同形式的老年医疗保障制。     

Compact integer-programming models for extracting subsets of stimuli from confusion matrices

This paper presents an integer linear programming formulation for the problem of extracting a subset of stimuli from a confusion matrix. The objective is to select stimuli such that total confusion among the stimuli is minimized for a particular subset size. This formulation provides a drastic reduction in the number of variables and constraints relative to a previously proposed formulation for the same problem. An extension of the formulation is provided for a biobjective problem that considers both confusion and recognition in the objective function. Demonstrations using an empirical interletter confusion matrix from the psychological literature revealed that a commercial branch-and-bound integer programming code was always able to identify optimal solutions for both the single-objective and biobjective formulations within a matter of seconds. A further extension and demonstration of the model is provided for the extraction of multiple subsets of stimuli, wherein the objectives are to maximize similarity within subsets and minimize similarity between subsets.     

Phenomenological Argumentative Structure

The nontechnical ability to identify or match argumentative structure seems to be an important reasoning skill. Instruments that have questions designed to measure this skill include major standardized tests for graduate school admission, for example, the United States-Canadian Law School Admission Test (LSAT), the Graduate Record Examinations (GRE), and the Graduate Management Admission Test (GMAT). Writers and reviewers of such tests need an appropriate foundation for developing such questions – they need a proper representation of phenomenological argumentative structure – for legitimacy, and because these tests affect people's lives. This paper attempts to construct an adequate and appropriate representation of such structure, that is, the logical structure that an argument is perceived to have by mature reasoners, albeit ones who are untrained in logic.     

Wisdom won from illness: The psychoanalytic grasp of human being

From its inception psychoanalysis claimed not merely to be an effective therapy for psychological suffering, but to shed light on the human condition. But what kind of insight does psychoanalysis offer? This paper locates psychoanalysis in the western philosophical tradition, arguing that psychoanalysis provides not only theoretical wisdom about the human, but practical wisdom of a peculiar kind. The human mind, through its self‐conscious understanding can be immediately and directly efficacious in shaping its own structure.     

基于五行之形再论五脏之脉

一直以来,历代医家对《黄帝内经》中有关五脏脉形经文的解读争论不一。五脏脉形的构建,与四时五行系统紧密相连。五行学说采用取类比象的方法,囊括世间万物,“形”根据自身特性也被赋予了五行的内涵。采用文献考据研究方法,依据五行之形重新论述《黄帝内经》五脏平脉之形,论证脉之五形“木直、土方、金圆、火尖、水曲”与“春弦、夏钩、脾代、秋毛、冬石”的关系,从而还原古典中医五脏脉有关脉形的真实内涵,并拓展五行之形在四诊中的应用,以丰富四时五行哲学系统的内容,更好地服务临床。

     

正确评估当前医院、学校的SCI论文热

《科学引文索引》 (science citation index, SCI) 论文从一个侧面反映了某一科研领域的前沿水平, 是衡量医师、教师业务水平的参照指标之一, 也有助于促进医疗、教学水平的提高;但科学技术的本质是实践, 科研成果不仅表现为学术论文, 更重要的是科研成果向实践的转化。SCI论文作为科研阶段性的学术成果, 还有待同行的评议与引用, 有待通过学术争鸣得到补充和完善, 有待实践证明其可重复性, 有待转化为实际的生产力;以SCI论文的多少判断医疗和教学实际水平, 是一种误判;以SCI论文的多少论英雄, 可能带来诸多不良后果;需要探索评价医疗、教学更为科学、全面的指标体系, 使医疗教学立于坚实之科学基础。     

表面内容不同方面相似性对样例迁移的影响

应用题表面内容分离为表面概貌和对象对应后,还可以进行再分解。本实验将表面概貌分解为具体属性和问题形式,将对象对应分解表述顺序对应和具体对象对应,研究结果表明,表面内容不同方面的相似性对原理运用有不同的影响。     

Young Mandarin learners use function words to distinguish between nouns and verbs

Mandarin requires neither determiners nor morphological inflections, which casts doubt on Mandarin‐speaking children's ability to use function words as a syntactic bootstrapping tool to identify the form class of a new word. This study examined 3‐ and 5‐year‐old Mandarin learners' ability to use function words to interpret new words as either nouns or verbs in the absence of the requirement for determiners and inflections in the ambient language. In Experiment 1, 3‐, and 5‐year‐old Mandarin‐speaking children were exposed to eight novel words embedded in sentence frames differing only in the form class markers used. The 5‐year‐olds interpreted the novel words as either nouns or verbs depending on the form class markers they heard, while the 3‐year‐olds learned only the nouns. Experiment 2 confirmed that the 5‐year‐olds understood the function of the verb‐marker. Thus, Mandarin‐speaking children can use function words to distinguish nouns versus verbs, and this ability appears between three and five years of age.