Several programming models with unascertained parameters and their applications

Several programming models are introduced with the consideration of available unascertained information. In this case, the so‐called unascertained information is some numerical values whose ranges are known but their exact values are not. These models resolve several vital weaknesses of the traditional programming methods to a certain degree. Our study includes considerations of linear and non‐linear programming models with grey parameters, grey 0–1 programming, and satisfactory and quasi‐optimal solutions of grey linear programmings. Finally, some practical applications are given in order to test the applicability of our theory. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

羟苯磺酸钙与培哚普利对早期糖尿病肾病大鼠的治疗作用比较

观察羟苯磺酸钙和培哚普利对早期糖尿病肾病大鼠肾脏的治疗作用的差别。测定24h尿白蛋白,血浆及肾皮质ET（内皮素,endothelin）含量,肾皮质PAI-1（纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂-1,plasminogen activator inhibitor-1）、MMP-9（基质金属蛋白酶-9,matrix metalloproteinase-9）表达,观察肾脏病理形态变化。从结果看,羟苯磺酸钙可以减轻实验大鼠肾脏损伤,作用与培哚普利无明显差别。     

Generative time telling in adults with disabilities: A matrix training approach

Matrix training is a teaching strategy designed to facilitate generative responding through a process termed recombinative generalization. A skill that has yet to be addressed with matrix training is tacting time increments. Given the two‐component features of time telling (i.e., hours and minutes) and the numerous teaching targets, matrix training was implemented for such behavior with two adults with developmental disabilities. This study used a 12 × 12 matrix that consisted of 144 time increments. Participants were taught 12 time increments, and probes were conducted to assess the remaining 132 untrained time increments. The participants responded correctly to approximately 50% of the untrained time increments during the post‐assessment phase. Limitations and future research are discussed.     

五阶幻方与易数系统

五阶幻方与洛书一样,蕴含着丰富的易理思想。从五阶幻方的均衡和谐布局的数字结构中．我们可以分别找到太极、阴阳、四象、五行、八卦、天干地支、河图洛书及其关系的巧妙体现。我们从这里综合地思考易数系统,可能产生一个更广阔而深刻的认识空间。     

MIRT模型中多维能力及其相关矩阵估计的影响因素

多维项目反应理论因其模型本身的天然优势及其兼具因素分析与项目反应理论于一身的优点,而被广大研究者及应用者所重视.本研究在前人研究基础上,重点讨论MIRT多维能力及能力间相关矩阵的参数估计问题.研究采用Monte Carlo模拟方法进行,在三因素完全随机设计（4 ×3×3）下,使用MCMC算法,探讨测验维度数、维度间的相关大小和测验项目数三个因素对MIRT能力及其相关矩阵估计的影响.     

项目反应模型的应用问题研究

以高等学校入学考试的考生实测数据,研究项目反应理论中数学模型的应用、数学模型的拟合性统计检验,并研究了模型与样本容量、模型参数估计与样本容量的关系,得到一些有意义的结论。     

Social dreaming:competition or complementation to individual dreaming?

Social dreaming is presented as a method to explore the unconscious dimension of the social world. The theoretical position of social dreaming and its historical development is described. Two examples are given for the practical application of social dreaming, a professional meeting of psychotherapists and an experiential workshop dealing with the aftermath of trauma. It is suggested that social dreaming is complementary to individual dreaming and offers insights and explanations, as well as guidance on various levels for applications in clinical, organizational, institutional and social settings.     

Nascent body ego: Metapsychological and neurophysiological aspects

For Freud, body ego was the organizing basis of the structural theory. He defi ned it as a psychic projection of the body surface. Isakower's and Lewin's classical fi ndings suggest that the body surface experiences of nursing provide the infant with sensory-affective stimulation that initiates a projection of sensory processes towards the psychic realm. During nursing, somato-sensory, gustatory and olfactory modalities merge with a primitive somatic affect of satiation, whereas auditory modality is involved more indirectly and visual contact more gradually. Repeated regularly, such nascent experiences are likely to play a part in the organization of the primitive protosymbolic mental experience. In support of this hypothesis, the authors review fi ndings from a neurophysiological study of infants before, during and after nursing. Nursing is associated with a signifi cant amplitude change in the newborn electroencephalogram (EEG), which wanes before the age of 3 months, and is transformed at the age of 6 months into rhythmic 3-5 Hz hedonic θ-activity. Sucking requires active physiological work, which is shown in a regular rise in heart rate. The hypothesis of a sensory-affective organization of the nascent body ego, enhanced by nursing and active sucking, seems concordant with neurophysiological phenomena related to nursing.     

Evaluating Ethical Tools

This article reviews suggestions for how ethical tools are to be evaluated and argues that the concept of ethical soundness as presented by Kaiser et al. (2007) is unhelpful. Instead, it suggests that the quality of an ethical tool is determined by how well it achieves its assigned purpose(s). Those are different for different tools, and the article suggests a categorization of such tools into three groups. For all ethical tools, it identifies comprehensiveness and user‐friendliness as crucial. For tools that have reaching a decision in a democratic context as a main purpose, it identifies transparency, guiding users toward a decision and justification of the decision‐supporting mechanism. For tools that aim to engage the public, it identifies procedural fairness as essential. It also notes that the scope of use for ethical tools is limited to the same moral community, and that this feature is frequently overlooked.     

结构方程模型统计检验力分析：原理与方法

结构方程模型是心理学、管理学、社会学等学科中重要的统计工具之一。然而, 大量使用结构方程模型的研究忽视了对该方法的统计检验力进行必要的分析和报告, 在一定程度上降低了这些研究的结果的证明效力。结构方程模型的统计检验力分析方法主要有Satorra-Saris法、MacCallum法与Monte Carlo法三类。其中Satorra-Saris法适用于备择模型清晰、检验对象相对简单、检验方法基于χ²分布的情形; MacCallum法适用于基于χ²分布的模型拟合检验且备择模型不明的情形; Monte Carlo法适用于检验对象相对复杂、采用模拟或重抽样方法进行检验的情形。在实际应用中, 研究者应当首先判断检验的目的、方法以及是否有明确的备择模型, 并根据这些信息选择具体的分析方法。