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131.
Sune Vork Steffensen Frédéric Vallée-Tourangeau Gaëlle Vallée-Tourangeau 《Journal of Cognitive Psychology》2016,28(1):79-105
Outside the cognitive psychologist's laboratory, problem-solving is an activity that takes place in a rich web of interactions involving people and artefacts. This interactivity is constituted by fine-grained action–perception cycles, and it allows a reasoner's comprehension of the problem to emerge from a coalition of internal and external resources. Taking an ecological approach to problem-solving, this paper introduces a qualitative method, Cognitive Event Analysis, for studying the fine-grained interactivity between a problem-solving agent and his/her environment. To demonstrate the potential of this method, it is used to study a single subject solving the so-called 17 Animals problem using a material model. The fine-grained procedure allows tracking the solution to a serendipity that was brought about because of the participant's aesthetic considerations and a change in her perceptual figure-ground configuration. While a qualitative single-case method cannot prove specific models of problem-solving, it questions prevalent mentalist models, and it generates new hypotheses on insight problem-solving, because it allows the researcher to attend to outliers and to variability on a fast and fine-grained between-measurement timescale. 相似文献
132.
133.
学习困难儿童的问题解决特点研究 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
本研究选取学习困难儿童和正常儿童各 3 2名 ,设置河内塔问题解决的情境 ,采用临床观察法 ,对学习困难儿童在问题解决中的特点作了初步的探究。研究发现 :1与正常儿童相比 ,学习困难儿童在发现和有效运用策略方面明显不足 ,但当学习困难儿童对问题情境比较熟悉后 ,有明显的进步 ;2一定的提示并不能帮助学习困难儿童最有效地应用策略。 相似文献
134.
135.
小学儿童规则发现的类比迁移研究 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4
本研究以小学儿童为被试,证实了在策略提示条件下解决规则发现(合取规则和析取规则)的类比问题时,任务难度和表面相似性是影响策略的迁移的重要因素,并且发现小学儿童的思维能力存在着较大的个体差异.他们在问题解决时主要使用单维检验策略,多数小学儿童缺乏较强的元认知监控. 相似文献
136.
The focus and organization of attention in perception-action coupling is systematically examined in two studies involving 9
and 10
-month-old infants engaged in learning goal-directed behaviors. Experiment 1 (discrimination study) observed the influence of an attentionally demanding motor task on learning and cognition, while Experiment 2 (means-ends study) observed the influence of an attentionally demanding goal on motor planning and reaching performance. Taken together the results of these two experiments revealed that when mental processing resources were directed to thinking about movement, discrimination performance became compromised; conversely, when processing resources were directed to thinking about the goal-state, the motor planning and execution became compromised. These results suggest a “spilling forward” of thoughts onto actions and goal-states and thus an attention-driven cognition/action trade-off for infants’ goal-directed actions. Findings highlight the ultimate importance of emerging motor skills on cognition and are contextualized within the on-going dialogues and developmental debates surrounding perceptual-motor skill development and problem-solving strategies during the first year. 相似文献
137.
Anna Case-Winters 《Zygon》2000,35(1):69-81
This article offers a brief overview of the argument for God's existence grounded in the evidence of design. It gives particular attention to the way the argument has evolved over time and in relation to changing scientific perspectives. The argument from de-sign has in fact been formulated and reformulated in response to the discoveries and challenges it has encountered from the field of science. The conclusion of the article explores the theological importance of this argument—its extent and its limits. 相似文献
138.
采用青少年感恩量表、学校联结量表、青少年外化问题行为调查表和焦虑抑郁量表对1217名中学生进行调查,考察了青少年感恩与其问题行为的关系,以及学校联结的同学支持、教师支持和学校归属感三大成分在其中的系列中介作用。结果表明:(1)青少年感恩与其外化问题行为和内化问题行为(以焦虑抑郁为指标)均显著负相关;(2)学校联结三大成分在感恩与其外化和内化问题行为之间均起着系列中介作用,即感恩对青少年学校归属感既有直接影响,也通过增强同学支持和教师支持间接促进其发展,进而学校联结的三成分共同作用减少青少年的外化和内化问题行为。 相似文献
139.
Two major approaches to deal with randomness or ambiguity involved in mathematical programming problems have been developed. They are stochastic programming approaches and fuzzy programming approaches. In this paper, we focus on multiobjective linear programming problems with random variable coefficients in objective functions and/or constraints. Using chance constrained programming techniques, the stochastic programming problems are transformed into deterministic ones. As a fusion of stochastic approaches and fuzzy ones, after determining the fuzzy goals of the decision maker, interactive fuzzy satisficing methods to derive a satisficing solution for the decision maker by updating the reference membership levels is presented. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
140.
Integrated Support from Problem Structuring through to Alternative Evaluation Using COPE and V·I·S·A
VALERIE BELTON FRAN ACKERMANN IAN SHEPHERD 《Journal of Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis》1997,6(3):115-130
Work in the field of multiple criteria analysis has generally focused on evaluation procedures, taking as its starting point a well-defined problem with specified alternatives and criteria. However, in reality, problems are rarely so well-structured; hence, in order to usefully support decision making in practice, multiple criteria analysts need to address the issue of problem structuring. In this respect, much can be learned from the body of work stemming from operational research and systems in the U.K., known collectively as problem-structuring methods. In this paper we describe a study which sought to integrate one of these approaches, SODA (strategic options development and analysis), using the COPE software for cognitive mapping, with multiple criteria evaluation based on a multi-attribute value function using V·I·S·A. The study took the form of a 2 day action research workshop to explore the strategic direction of the Supplies and Commercial Services Department of a large U.K. NHS Hospital Trust and to develop an action plan consistent with the agreed direction. Even though the workshop was intended to be exploratory, from the point of view of both the facilitators and the participants, it enabled the group to make progress towards the definition of a strategic direction and led to an increased understanding and awareness of the issues. Drawing on this experience, we comment in general on the potential benefits arising from the integration of these two approaches and suggest fruitful areas for future research and development of the software tools and associated methodologies. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. J. Multi-Crit. Decis. Anal. 6 : 115–130 (1997) No. of Figures: 9. No. of Tables: 0. No. of References: 37. 相似文献