Anxiety after remembering stressful academic versus brush with death events: The moderating roles of future time perspective and personal intimacy

This study examines: (i) whether recalling stressful autobiographical events results in anxiety, (ii) the relation of memory qualities to anxiety, and (iii) the relation of future time perspective and personal intimacy to experiencing anxiety. Participants (N = 120) completed Future Time Perspective, Personal Intimacy and State Anxiety scales. They were randomly assigned to recall a brush with death, a stressful academic deadline, or a no-stress control. Memory qualities (vividness and significance) were assessed. As expected, recalling stressful events resulted in anxiety with more personally significant events related to higher anxiety. Having a more open-ended future time perspective related to lower anxiety after recalling a stressful academic deadline, whereas greater personal intimacy predicted lower anxiety after recalling a brush with death. Findings are discussed in terms of factors that may serve to moderate the link between stressful memories and the experience of anxiety.     

Cultural considerations using the structured clinical interview for DSM-III for mood and anxiety disorders assessment

This paper focuses on the impact that culture has upon standardized or structured interviews. It briefly reviews how these interviews evolved from a primary research function, what they can teach us about clinical work, and the multiple ways that culture influences these supposedly objective instruments and the diagnoses which follow from their use. Although the use of structured interviews and standardized diagnostic criteria has been a major advance for the field in terms of reliability, care needs to be exercised when evaluating individuals from disparate cultural backgrounds.     

Prospective Relations Between Dysfunctional Metacognitive Beliefs,Metacognitive Strategies,and Anxiety: Results From a Four-Wave Longitudinal Mediation Model

The metacognitive model of psychological disorders suggests that emotional disorders are related to maladaptive metacognitive strategies corresponding to underlying dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs. There is substantial empirical evidence supporting a role of metacognition in psychopathology, but fewer studies have evaluated the metacognitive model using longitudinal data and taken into consideration its differentiation between components and how they are hypothesized to be related to each other. Thus, more specific model evaluation is important as it relates to identifying mechanisms of disorder with a potential to provide clinical advances. In the present study, 868 participants took part in a 4-wave survey and reported on metacognitive beliefs and strategies and anxiety symptoms. Two longitudinal mediation models (forward and reversed causation) were run to test temporal precedence and bidirectional relations. The results indicated that metacognitive beliefs significantly predicted metacognitive strategies, which further predicted anxiety symptoms and mediated the indirect effect in the relationship between metacognitive beliefs and anxiety over time. The relationship between metacognitive beliefs and anxiety symptoms over time were bidirectional, but this relationship was not accounted for by metacognitive strategies. These findings largely support central predictions set forward by the metacognitive model and indicate that metacognitions play a preceding and maintaining role in anxiety.     

Attachment,Behavioral Inhibition,and Anxiety in Preschool Children

This study examined the association between insecure attachment, behavioral inhibition, and anxiety in an at risk sample of preschool children. The relationship between maternal anxiety and child anxiety was also assessed. Participants were 104 children aged 3–4 years who were assessed for behavioral inhibition and mother–child attachment (using the Strange Situation procedure). DSM-IV criteria were used to assess childhood anxiety disorders. Insecure attachment and behavioral inhibition were both independently associated with child anxiety, even after controlling for the effect of maternal anxiety. Maternal anxiety was also associated with child anxiety. This study identified both constitutional and environmental factors associated with the expression of anxiety in young children. Furthermore, the highest levels of anxiety were shown by children who were behaviorally inhibited and insecurely attached and whose mothers were also anxious.     

Functional classification of obsessive-compulsive phenomena

A classification of obsessive-compulsive phenomena based on the functional definition of obsessions as anxiety/discomfort producing and compulsions as anxiety/discomfort reducing is proposed. Based on the assumption of a functional equivalence between external and internal obsessive-compulsive behavior, four essential obsessive-compulsive forms are derived: (1) obssesions, (2) obsessions plus successful compulsions (anxiety/discomfort reducing), (3) obsessions plus obsessionalized compulsions (anxiety increasing), and (4) rituals consisting mainly of stereotyped, overt or covert behaviors (autonomous of anxiety/discomfort and/or obsessions). In addition, it is hypothesized that forms 1–4 represent developmental stages in the progress of obsessive-compulsive symptomatology, increasing in the order specified in complexity and severity and having varying prognostic implications. Finally, an attempt is made to suggest stage-specific behavioral treatment strategies.     

外语焦虑、紧张情绪与认知负荷对外语说谎的影响：来自中-英双语者的证据

采用错误陈述范式探究中-英双语者用母语和外语说真话和说谎时的认知神经差异,涉及外语焦虑、认知负荷和说谎诱发的紧张情绪。对P200和CNV观察发现:(1)中-英双语者用英语说真话的P200波幅比用母语大,说明被试用英语说话时受外语焦虑情绪影响;(2)中-英双语者用英语说谎与说真话的P200波幅无显著差异,但用母语说谎和讲真话的P200波幅差异显著,说明被试用外语说谎没有用母语说谎诱发的紧张情绪大;(3)中-英双语者说谎时的CNV波幅比说真话时大,说明被试说谎比说真话的认知负荷更大;(4)中-英双语者用英语说谎时的CNV波幅比用汉语说谎时大,说明被试用外语说谎比用母语说谎产生了更大的认知负荷。相关分析表明,英语熟练程度是影响中-英双语者用母语和外语说谎时的认知神经差异的重要变量。     

社会支持与大学生抑郁的关系:一个有调节的中介模型

为考察社会支持、社交焦虑、一般自我效能感和抑郁之间的关系,采用社会支持评定量表、社交焦虑量表、一般自我效能感量表以及抑郁自评量表对640名大学生进行调查。研究显示:(1)社交焦虑在社会支持与大学生抑郁之间起部分中介作用;(2)一般自我效能感在社会支持—社交焦虑—抑郁这一中介过程中的后半路径起调节作用。     

The relation between stimulus function and equivalence class formation

Fifty participants were exposed to a simple discrimination-training procedure during which six S+ functions were established for six arbitrary stimuli, and S- functions were established for a further six stimuli. Following this training, each participant was exposed to one of five conditions. In the S+ condition, participants were exposed to a stimulus equivalence training and testing procedure using only the six S+ stimuli as samples and comparisons. In the S+/S- condition, participants were exposed to the same training and testing sequence as in the S+ condition, the difference being that three S+ and three S- stimuli were used as sample and comparison stimuli, with each set of three corresponding to the trained equivalence relations. In the S+/S- mixed condition, the S+ and S- stimuli were assigned to their roles as samples and comparisons in a quasi-random order. In the S- condition, all six S- stimuli were used. The no-function condition served as a control condition and employed stimuli for which no stimulus-control functions had been established. The results showed that, on average, participants required more testing trials to form equivalence relations when the stimuli involved were functionally similar rather than functionally different. Moreover, participants required more test trials to form equivalence relations when novel arbitrary stimuli, rather than functionally distinct stimuli, were used as samples and comparisons. The speed of acquisition of stimulus equivalence was also related to the number of functionally similar stimuli established before training. These findings indicate a variety of ways in which the emergence of equivalence relations is affected by the functional classes in which the relevant stimuli participate.     

焦虑情绪和年龄因素对前瞻记忆成绩影响的研究

本研究使用了嵌入焦虑量表和前瞻记忆自评问卷的前瞻记忆测验材料．对85名初中学生和152名大学生分别进行测试。结果发现,不同水平的焦虑情绪对前瞻记忆没有显着影响．但对前瞻记忆自我评价影响显着。从年龄因素上看,大学生的前瞻记忆成绩高于初中学生。     

大学生社交焦虑对躯体变形障碍的影响：外表拒绝敏感性的中介作用

躯体变形障碍在大学生群体中具有较高的发病率,在其发展过程中,社交焦虑是重要的预测因素;然而两者潜在的中介机制却未得到研究者关注。本研究采用问卷调查法,旨在大学生 (N = 875)中探究外表拒绝敏感性在社交焦虑与躯体变形障碍之间的中介作用。结果发现： (1) 社交焦虑显著正向预测外表拒绝敏感性与躯体变形障碍,且外表拒绝敏感性显著正向预测躯体变形障碍; (2) 外表拒绝敏感性在社交焦虑与躯体变形障碍之间具有显著的部分中介作用。本研究发现,个体的社交焦虑可直接影响躯体变形障碍,也可通过提高外表拒绝敏感性间接影响。