气质稳定性与发展性新进展*

气质的稳定性和发展性是心理学研究争论已久的问题。遗传×环境的研究视角再次打破了传统研究模式,取而代之的是气质稳定性与发展性的共存,遵循传统先天论——环境论——先天论——先天论×环境论的总体发展态势。该视角在拓展气质研究领域的同时,也成为未来研究的主要取向。本文首先综述了由于研究手段的更新和多元化而引发的气质稳定性和发展性两方面的最新实证研究,探讨了稳定性中遗传基因加性效应和非加性效应、脑生理基础以及个体气质发展性的内部、外部影响因素。然后,从研究样本的年龄段、气质的生理机制和儿童气质的纵向研究、亲子互动及师生互动方面的研究等方面提出目前我国气质研究未来方向。     

母亲心理控制与青少年问题性网络使用：非适应性认知的中介作用

本研究旨在考察母亲心理控制对青少年问题性网络使用（PIU）的直接和间接作用路径,以及这些路径是否受到性别的调节。以四所初级中学660名青少年为被试,要求其报告母亲的心理控制、非适应性网络认知以及问题性网络使用的情况。结果表明：（1）在控制了性别、年龄、家庭经济状况后,母亲心理控制对青少年PIU具有显著的正向预测作用;（2）非适应性认知在母亲心理控制与PIU之间具有部分中介作用;（3）母亲心理控制与PIU的直接关系（包括总效应和残余效应）以及间接关系（包括心理控制与非适应性认知的关系和非适应性认知与PIU的关系）均未受到性别的调节。研究结果说明母亲心理控制既直接影响青少年PIU,同时也通过非适应性认知产生间接影响,这些直接和间接路径在本研究中未表现出性别差异。     

母亲养育压力对幼儿创造性人格的影响:教养方式的中介作用

以来自两所幼儿园的331名幼儿的母亲为研究对象,使用威廉斯创造性人格倾向量表、父母压力量表和教养方式与维度问卷来考察母亲养育压力对幼儿创造性人格的影响,以及教养方式在其中的中介作用。研究发现:(1)幼儿创造性人格得分处于中等水平,与幼儿年龄、家庭社会经济地位显著正相关;(2)母亲的养育压力、专制教养方式与幼儿创造性人格显著负相关,母亲的权威教养方式与幼儿创造性人格显著正相关;(3)控制幼儿年龄与家庭社会经济地位影响后,母亲的权威教养方式在其养育压力对幼儿创造性人格的影响中起到部分中介作用。     

THE MISSING FATHER FUNCTION IN PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY AND TECHNIQUE: THE ANALYST'S INTERNAL COUPLE AND MATURING INTIMACY

This paper argues that recovering the “missing” paternal function in analytic space is essential for the patient's achievement of mature object relations. Emerging from the helpless infant's contact with primary caregivers, mature intimacy rests on establishing healthy triadic functioning based on an infant‐with‐mother‐and‐father. Despite a maternocentric bias in contemporary clinical theory, the emergence of triangularity and the inclusion of the paternal third as a separating element is vital in the analytic dyad. Effective technique requires the analyst's balanced interplay between the paternal, investigative and the maternal, maximally receptive modes of functioning—the good enough analytic couple within the analyst—to serve as the separating element that procreatively fertilizes the capacity for intimacy with a differentiated other. A clinical example illustrates how treatment is limited when the paternal function is minimized within more collusive, unconsciously symbiotic dyads.     

MATERNAL INTERACTION QUALITY MODERATES EFFECTS OF PRENATAL MATERNAL EMOTIONAL SYMPTOMS ON GIRLS’ INTERNALIZING PROBLEMS

The role of mother–infant interaction quality is studied in the relation between prenatal maternal emotional symptoms and child behavioral problems. Healthy pregnant, Dutch women (N = 96, M = 31.6, SD = 3.3) were allocated to the “exposed group” (n = 46), consisting of mothers with high levels of prenatal feelings of anxiety and depression, or the “low‐exposed group” (n = 50), consisting of mothers with normal levels of depressive or anxious symptoms during pregnancy. When the children (49 girls, 47 boys) were 23 to 60 months of age (M = 39.0, SD = 9.6), parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist (T.M. Achenbach & L.A. Rescorla, 2000 ), and mother–child interaction quality during a home visit was rated using the Emotional Availability Scales. There were no differences in mother–child interaction quality between the prenatally exposed and low‐exposed groups. Girls exposed to high prenatal emotional symptoms showed more internalizing problems, if maternal interaction quality was less optimal. No significant effects were found for boys.     

PATERNAL AND MATERNAL REFLECTIVE FUNCTIONING IN THE WESTERN AUSTRALIAN PEEL CHILD HEALTH STUDY

While past research on the care of infants has been mostly with mothers, in recent times there has been a renewed attention to the father–infant relationship. This study examined differences between mother and father parental reflective functioning (PRF) or parental mentalizing; that is, the parental capacity to reason about their own and their children's behaviors by taking into consideration intentional mental states. Data were collected from 120 couples with a 1‐year‐old child who were participants in the West Australian Peel Child Health Study. Parental mentalizing was assessed using the Parental Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (PRFQ; Luyten, Mayes, Nijssens, & Fonagy, 2017 ). Results showed that mother and father mentalizing with their children was independent and that mothers scored slightly higher levels of mentalizing than did fathers. Paternal mentalizing was weakly associated with family income and father education, and was more strongly associated with family functioning than with maternal mentalizing. Implications for theorizing on PRF and fatherhood more generally are discussed.     

The Moderation Role of Self‐perceived Maternal Empathy in Observed Mother–Child Collaborative Problem Solving

Based on L. S. Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, previous scaffolding studies have examined some factors associated with adjustment of parental support during collaborative problem solving. However, a factor that remains unexplored in the literature is the potential relationship between parental empathy and parental support in collaborative problem solving. The present study addresses this question through the observation of 45 preschool children and their mothers cooperating in a problem‐solving task with two levels of difficulty. Teachers rated the children's fine motor skills, and sampled mothers reported their empathy levels towards their children. Consistent with the notion of scaffolding, negative correlations were found between observed maternal verbal support (cognitive, autonomy, and emotional) and child age, and between observed maternal cognitive support and teacher reports of child motor skills. An analysis of covariance revealed significant empathy‐by‐difficulty interactions for physical and cognitive support after controlling for the effect of child motor skills. Implications of these findings are discussed in terms of the role of child motor skills and the importance of parental empathy in collaborative problem solving. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

学步儿童的不顺从行为与亲子互动的关系

通过对138名学步儿童及其母亲的观察研究,分析儿童的不顺从行为与亲子互动之间的关系。结果表明:(1)在亲子互动中,母亲的言语策略多于身体策略。(2)母亲的模糊言语显著地正向预测儿童的反抗,母亲的远处身体指导显著地正向预测消极不顺从。(3)母亲的反应性与明晰言语、模糊言语、积极身体指导和远处身体指导正相关,与严厉言语和消极身体指导负相关。(4)儿童反应性负向预测消极不顺从和拒绝/协商行为。