伴有广场恐怖症的惊恐障碍的网络心理学治疗新技术

近年来,加拿大Universitédu Québec en Outaouais大学Bouchard教授领导的团队进行了一系列网络心理学的研究,这种研究尝试将最新的计算机技术融合到传统临床心理治疗中去,并通过实验来评估其疗效。针对伴有广场恐怖症的惊恐障碍的研究一直是其研究重点,其包括对传统认知行为疗法(Cognitive Behavior Therapy,CBT)的评价研究、将远程视频会议技术应用于CBT疗法的研究,以及将虚拟现实技术与传统CBT疗法相结合的研究。     

群体性事件形成的心理机制分析

我国正处在社会转型时期,由各利益主体之间的磨擦而引发的群体性事件日益增多,诱发群体性事件的原因也复杂多样。如果从人类行为发生的内在机理看,它们主要遵循刺激——反应机制。导致群体性事件的发生既有直接诱因,也包括弱势群体的大量存在等社会诱因,而各种认识的偏差则是群体性事件的主观心理性因素。我们只有通过改变条件或作用方式,正确调整社会心理,使群体性事件丧失其发生的前提,才能达到预警预防群体性事件的目的。     

The impact of weight, sex, and race/ethnicity on body dissatisfaction among urban children

The purpose of the current study was to examine the relative contributions of weight status, race/ethnicity, sex, and age on body dissatisfaction in a large group of diverse children. Participants were 4th–6th graders (N = 1212) in ten inner-city schools who participated in an obesity prevention study previously published. Children completed the body dissatisfaction subscale of the Eating Disorder Inventory-2 (EDI-2), and weight status was assessed by measured weights and heights. Multiple regression analyses were conducted. Relative weight status was the strongest predictor of body dissatisfaction, followed by race/ethnicity, and sex. Body dissatisfaction was greatest in obese, Asian, and female children. Overall, results indicated that children's body dissatisfaction varies based on relative weight status, as well as race/ethnicity and sex among urban children. Results highlight the strong need for additional research so that more definitive conclusions may be drawn regarding the development of body image among diverse groups of children.     

Self-compassion moderates the relationship between body mass index and both eating disorder pathology and body image flexibility

The current study examined whether self-compassion, the tendency to treat oneself kindly during distress and disappointments, would attenuate the positive relationship between body mass index (BMI) and eating disorder pathology, and the negative relationship between BMI and body image flexibility. One-hundred and fifty-three female undergraduate students completed measures of self-compassion, self-esteem, eating disorder pathology, and body image flexibility, which refers to one's acceptance of negative body image experiences. Controlling for self-esteem, hierarchical regressions revealed that self-compassion moderated the relationships between BMI and the criteria. Specifically, the positive relationship between BMI and eating disorder pathology and the negative relationship between BMI and body image flexibility were weaker the higher women's levels of self-compassion. Among young women, self-compassion may help to protect against the greater eating disturbances that coincide with a higher BMI, and may facilitate the positive body image experiences that tend to be lower the higher one's BMI.     

Vertical adaptation of the center of mass in human running on uneven ground

In running we are frequently confronted with different kinds of disturbances. Some require quick reactions and adaptations while others, like moderate changes in ground level, can be compensated passively. Monitoring the kinematics of the runner’s center of mass (CoM) in such situations can reveal what global locomotion control strategies humans use and can help to distinguish between active and passive compensation methods.In this study single and permanent upward steps of 10 cm as well as drops of the same height were used as mechanical disturbances and the adaptations in the vertical oscillation of the runners CoM were analyzed. We found that runners visually perceiving uneven ground ahead substantially adapted their CoM in preparation by lifting it about 50% of step height or lowering it by about 40% of drop height, respectively. After contact on the changed ground level different adaptations depending on the situation occur. For persisting changes the adaptation to the elevated ground is completed after the first step on the new level. For single steps part of the adaptation takes place while returning to the ground. The consistent adaptations for the different situations support the idea that controlling the CoM by adapting leg parameters is a general control principle in running.     

Concordance Between Measures of Anxiety and Physiological Arousal Following Treatment of Panic Disorder in Adolescence

This study examined the concordance (or synchrony/desynchrony) between adolescents' self-reports of anxiety and physiological measures of arousal (heart rate) both prior to and after treatment for panic disorder. Results indicated a decline in reported subjective units of distress (SUDS) for the treatment group only at the post-treatment measurement for two of three tasks. Within the treatment group, heart rate changes during the Behavioral Approach Test (BAT) were observed following treatment for one task only. Implications of this apparent desynchrony between self-report and physiological measures in adolescent panic disorder are discussed, with cognitive changes in participants' perception of anxiety after treatment suggested as an important factor in recovery.     

Changing Public Attitudes as a Prevention Strategy to Reduce Intimate Partner Violence

ABSTRACT

Although violence by intimate partners has decreased in the past decade, it is still a problem affecting many women. For instance, IPV accounted for 22% of violent crimes against women between 1993 and 1998 (NCVS). The paucity of research evaluating the effectiveness of primary prevention strategies to reduce IPV has been recognized in various reports on intimate partner violence. Experts have suggested that public awareness campaigns would be helpful both to inform abused women about strategies for getting help, and to potentially change pub-Address correspondence to Jacquelyn C. Campbell, PhD, RN, Johns Hopkins University, School of Nursing, 525 North Wolfe Street, Room 436, Baltimore, MD21205. lic attitudes and norms about IPV. This article reviews published research available on public education campaigns regarding intimate partner violence, as well as education campaigns conducted for other issues, in order to better understand the potential for success and the limitations of this type of intervention.     

All at Once or One at a Time? A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Two Ways to Deliver Bibliotherapy for Panic Disorder

Bibliotherapy is potentially effective in the treatment of panic disorder (PD). A still unanswered question is whether pacing is important. This study was designed to test whether there is a difference between being assigned a full book as therapy and receiving one individual chapter every week (i.e. pacing). A total of 28 participants were randomized to either 10 paced chapters or one book with 10 chapters. To maximize compliance, short weekly telephone calls were added in both conditions (M = 17.8 min, SD = 4.2). Both treatments showed promising results, with effects maintained up to 2 years and with within-group effect sizes (Cohen's d) between 0.95 and 1.11. Pretreatment ratings of credibility were positively correlated with the change scores at both posttest and 2-year follow-up for three panic measures. Pacing of text material in bibliotherapy for PD is not needed, and all material can be provided at once when the treatment is guided by a therapist.     

More than just body weight: The role of body image in psychological and physical functioning

The current study examined BMI and body image dissatisfaction as predictors of physical and mental health-related quality of life (HRQL) and psychosocial functioning in a sample of 414 undergraduate students (mean age = 21.5, SD = 4.9; mean BMI = 23.6, SD = 5.2). In men and women, higher BMI was correlated with body image dissatisfaction and physical HRQL, but not with any measures of psychosocial functioning, whereas higher body image dissatisfaction was associated with poorer physical HRQL and psychosocial functioning. Furthermore, body image dissatisfaction was observed to mediate the relationship between BMI and physical HRQL in men and women. Interestingly, in this model, higher BMI predicted increased self-esteem. These findings suggest that body image dissatisfaction may be an important target for health interventions.     

Clinical Experiences in Using Cognitive-Behavior Therapy to Treat Panic Disorder

Although there is a growing body of research to support the use of psychological treatments for specific disorders, there has been no way for practitioners to provide feedback to researchers on the barriers they encounter in implementing these treatments in their day-to-day clinical work. In order to provide practitioners a means to give researchers information about their clinical experience, the Society of Clinical Psychology and the Division of Psychotherapy of the American Psychological Association collaborated on an initiative to build a two-way bridge between practice and research. A questionnaire was developed on the therapist, patient, and contextual variables that undermine the effective use of CBT in reducing the symptoms of panic disorder, a clinical problem that occurs frequently in clinical practice and has an extensive research base. An Internet-based survey was advertised internationally in listservs and professional newsletters, asking clinicians to indicate all aspects of CBT that they used in treating panic disorder, and to respond to a series of questions with variables that presumably limited successful symptom reduction in clinical work using CBT to treat panic disorder. The final database included responses from 338 participants who varied in experience in applying CBT to the treatment of panic disorders. Participants identified a wide range of patient factors that were barriers to symptom reduction, including symptoms related to panic, motivation, social system, and the psychotherapy relationship, in addition to specific problems with implementing CBT for the treatment of panic disorder.