大学生媒体影响、体重指数和身体自尊的关系

采用问卷测量法,考察了432名大学生的媒体影响、体重指数与身体自尊的关系。结果表明:(1)媒体影响、现实体重指数、理想体重指数和身体自尊各个分量表之间存在明显的相关关系;(2)根据变量的相关关系构建的结构方程模型有着较为理想的拟合指数,表明媒体影响、体重指数对身体自尊有着直接或间接的影响作用。     

Changing Public Attitudes as a Prevention Strategy to Reduce Intimate Partner Violence

ABSTRACT

Although violence by intimate partners has decreased in the past decade, it is still a problem affecting many women. For instance, IPV accounted for 22% of violent crimes against women between 1993 and 1998 (NCVS). The paucity of research evaluating the effectiveness of primary prevention strategies to reduce IPV has been recognized in various reports on intimate partner violence. Experts have suggested that public awareness campaigns would be helpful both to inform abused women about strategies for getting help, and to potentially change pub-Address correspondence to Jacquelyn C. Campbell, PhD, RN, Johns Hopkins University, School of Nursing, 525 North Wolfe Street, Room 436, Baltimore, MD21205. lic attitudes and norms about IPV. This article reviews published research available on public education campaigns regarding intimate partner violence, as well as education campaigns conducted for other issues, in order to better understand the potential for success and the limitations of this type of intervention.     

More than just body weight: The role of body image in psychological and physical functioning

The current study examined BMI and body image dissatisfaction as predictors of physical and mental health-related quality of life (HRQL) and psychosocial functioning in a sample of 414 undergraduate students (mean age = 21.5, SD = 4.9; mean BMI = 23.6, SD = 5.2). In men and women, higher BMI was correlated with body image dissatisfaction and physical HRQL, but not with any measures of psychosocial functioning, whereas higher body image dissatisfaction was associated with poorer physical HRQL and psychosocial functioning. Furthermore, body image dissatisfaction was observed to mediate the relationship between BMI and physical HRQL in men and women. Interestingly, in this model, higher BMI predicted increased self-esteem. These findings suggest that body image dissatisfaction may be an important target for health interventions.     

肥胖男性血浆脂联素水平及影响因素

检测正常男性血浆脂联素水平,探讨其与各检测指标之间的相关性。选取正常男性96例,按体重指数（BMI）将上述两组分为2个亚组：肥胖（BMI≥25kg／m^2）组40例及体重正常（BMI〈25kg／m^2）组56例,测定空腹血浆脂联素浓度。肥胖组的血浆脂联素水平[（7．48±3．4）μg／m1]明显低于体重正常组[（10．57±4．73）μg／m1],差异有显著的统计学意义（P〈0．01）。相关分析显示血浆脂联素与体重指数（BMI）、腰围（WC）、血压（BP）、总胆固醇（TC）、血清胰岛素（FINs）、胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）之间存在负相关,与高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）正相关。BMI、WC、HOMA-IR为影响血浆脂联素水平的独立因素。男性肥胖者血浆脂联素水平较体重正常者明显降低,血浆脂联素水平可能与肥胖及其相关疾病相关。     

Self-compassion moderates the relationship between body mass index and both eating disorder pathology and body image flexibility

The current study examined whether self-compassion, the tendency to treat oneself kindly during distress and disappointments, would attenuate the positive relationship between body mass index (BMI) and eating disorder pathology, and the negative relationship between BMI and body image flexibility. One-hundred and fifty-three female undergraduate students completed measures of self-compassion, self-esteem, eating disorder pathology, and body image flexibility, which refers to one's acceptance of negative body image experiences. Controlling for self-esteem, hierarchical regressions revealed that self-compassion moderated the relationships between BMI and the criteria. Specifically, the positive relationship between BMI and eating disorder pathology and the negative relationship between BMI and body image flexibility were weaker the higher women's levels of self-compassion. Among young women, self-compassion may help to protect against the greater eating disturbances that coincide with a higher BMI, and may facilitate the positive body image experiences that tend to be lower the higher one's BMI.     

Vertical adaptation of the center of mass in human running on uneven ground

In running we are frequently confronted with different kinds of disturbances. Some require quick reactions and adaptations while others, like moderate changes in ground level, can be compensated passively. Monitoring the kinematics of the runner’s center of mass (CoM) in such situations can reveal what global locomotion control strategies humans use and can help to distinguish between active and passive compensation methods.In this study single and permanent upward steps of 10 cm as well as drops of the same height were used as mechanical disturbances and the adaptations in the vertical oscillation of the runners CoM were analyzed. We found that runners visually perceiving uneven ground ahead substantially adapted their CoM in preparation by lifting it about 50% of step height or lowering it by about 40% of drop height, respectively. After contact on the changed ground level different adaptations depending on the situation occur. For persisting changes the adaptation to the elevated ground is completed after the first step on the new level. For single steps part of the adaptation takes place while returning to the ground. The consistent adaptations for the different situations support the idea that controlling the CoM by adapting leg parameters is a general control principle in running.     

Rebuilding from the vacuum: A qualitative study of people with a recent history of incarceration

Thirty-four adults recently released from incarceration and living in transitional homes were interviewed in this qualitative study. An open-ended approach to interviewing was used to allow participants’ main concerns to emerge. Participants were primarily focused on rebuilding relationships to achieve stability post-incarceration. Participants who rebuilt stable relationships were able to work on internal goals (e.g., sobriety). Participants who did not rebuild stable relationships returned to existing social networks of unstable connections characterized by drug addiction, abuse, or criminal activity.     

A self-determination theory approach to adults’ healthy body weight motivation: A longitudinal study focussing on food choices and recreational physical activity

This study focuses on body weight motivation based on self-determination theory. The impact of body weight motivation on longitudinal changes in food choices, recreational physical activity and body mass index was explored. A sample of adults (N = 2917, 47% men), randomly selected from the telephone book, completed a questionnaire in two consecutive years (2012, 2013), self-reporting food choices, recreational physical activity and body weight motivation. Types of body weight motivation at T1 (autonomous regulation, introjected regulation, and external regulation) were tested with regard to their predictive potential for changes in food choices, recreational physical activity and body mass index (BMI). Autonomous motivation predicted improvements in food choices and long-term adherence to vigorous recreational physical activity in both genders. Introjected motivation predicted long-term adherence to vigorous recreational physical activity only in women. External motivation predicted negative changes in food choices; however, the type of body weight motivation had no impact on BMI in overweight adults in the long term. Autonomous goal-setting regarding body weight seems to be substantial for healthy food choices and adherence to recreational physical activity.